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1、注意：若无法显示音标，请将所附ipa-samd sild.TTF拷贝到“控制面板”的“字体”文件夹。An Introduction to Linguistics语言学导论胡壮麟主编 语言学教程（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社 2001年Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1.1 Why study language?l Languages are the best mirror of the human mind. -Leibniz(莱布尼兹1646-1716) psychology mind/brain pedagogy cognitive sciencel
2、 The three basic questions that concern Chomsky are:(i) What constitutes knowledge of language? (ii) How is knowledge of language acquired?(iii) How is knowledge of language put to use? Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) German rationalist philosopher, mathematician, and logician. He spent his l
3、ife in the diplomatic and political service and in 1700 was appointed first president of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Leibniz is chiefly known as an exponent of optimism; he believed that the world is fundamentally harmonious and good, being composed of single units (monads), each of which is
4、self-contained but acts in harmony with every other; these form an ascending hierarchy culminating in God. Their harmony is ordained by God, who never acts except for a reason that requires it, and so this world is the best of all possible worlds (a view satirized in Voltaires Candide). Leibniz made
5、 the important distinction between necessary (logical) truths and contingent (factual) truths, and proposed a universal logical language that would eliminate ambiguity. He also devised a method of calculus independently of Newton.Chomsky, (Avram) Noam (1928-) US theoretical linguist and political ac
6、tivist. His theory of transformational grammar is set out in Syntactic Structures (1957). A distinction is made between a speakers linguistic competence, which is idealized, and actual performance; the theory sets out to account only for the former. Chomsky has revised the theory since 1957.1.2 What
7、 is language?l Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Sapir（萨丕尔1884-1939)l Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.- Wardhaugh（沃道）l A language is a set (finite o
8、r infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928 -）l A language is a system for meanings. Halliday（韩礼德1925 -）We shall define language as “meaning potential”: that is, as sets of options, or alternatives, in meaning, that are available
9、to the speaker-hearer. HallidaySapir, Edward (1884-1939) German-born US linguistics scholar and anthropologist. One of the founders of American structural linguistics, he carried out important work on American Indian languages and linguistic theory. His book Language (1921) presents his thesis that
10、language should be studied within its social and cultural context. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, in which Sapir collaborated with his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), a cultures language embodies the way in which it understands the world and dictates how those who use that language t
11、hink about the world. This may be due to structural factors, such as the way time is expressed in verb tenses, as well as to more superficially obvious features such as vocabulary.1.3 Design features of languagel Design features Concept introduced by C. F. Hockett in the 1960s of a set of key proper
12、ties of language not shared or not known to be shared, as a set, with systems of communication in any other species. Their number and names vary from one account to another; but all include, as among the most important, the properties of duality, arbitrariness, and productivity.1.3.1 Arbitrariness任意
13、性: The property of language by which there is in general no natural (i.e. logical) relation between the form of a single lexical unit and its meaning. 书 book livre rose motivated 理据 sheep cow moo moo quack oink bedroomWhats in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet.
14、Shakespeare(莎士比亚1564-1616)名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。- 荀子正名1.3.2 Duality二重性Language consists of two levels of structures. The lower (secondary) level is a definite set of meaningless sounds, such as h, i:, l, e, f, t which combine to form meaningful units (morphemes, words, such as he, left) which c
15、onstitute a higher (primary) level. a: p k pa:k park ka:p carp 1.3.3 Creativity创造性 Language is creative in the sense that its users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.1.3.4 Displacement移位性 By displacement is meant that language can be used to refer to things that are n
16、ot present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.l Dai (1989): 1.creativity, 2.arbitrariness, 3.duality, 4.displacement, 5.cultural transmissionl Hu (1988): 1.arbitrabiness 2.duality 3.productivity 4.displacement 5.cultural transmission 6.interchangabilityl Hu (2001): 1. arbitrariness 2.duality 3.productivity 4.displacementWang (1988): 1.双层性
