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1、1 第一节课 托福写作介绍和独立写作评分标 准 Independent Writing 考试界面截图 字数 时长 独立写作是argumentative essay 和GRE Analytical Writing和SAT作文相同 2 Effectively addresses the topic and task 有效的回答了题目和任务 Topic 题目 In the modern society the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well Task 任务 Do you agree or d
2、isagree with the following statement Which do you prefer 机经中很少出现 Why do you think 机经中不再出现 3 例1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement In the modern society the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well Address the topic For most people speaking ability is
3、more important than writing ability Fail to address the topic Speaking ability plays a vital role in a person s success 4 well organized 良好的组织 整体well organized 要求 整篇文章分为 introduction body和conclusion Thesis statement位于introduction最后 Body分body paragraphs transitional words或者repetition 衔接body paragraph
4、s conclusion重申thesis statement 段内well organized 要求 topic sentence尽 量置于段首 段内的每个sentence支持topic sentence 5 well developed 两重意义 Thesis statement得到well developed 意味着body paragraph sub point 的数量不能过少 每个topic sentence得到充分展开 每个sub point body paragraph 的字数不能过少 经验表明 主要段落的字数不低于80字 例 给出一个没有充分展开的段落 同时给出经过修改 充分 展
5、开的段落 段落中的例证得到充分展开 6 Unity Introduction Body Conclusion必须完整 每个body paragraph 支持thesis statement 每个body paragraph中每个sentence支持 topic sentence 7 Progression Body paragraphs使用transitional words和 重复上文 repetition Body paragraphs中从抽象 topic sentence 到具体 exemplification 8 Coherence 正确的使用代词 人称代词 they she he 指
6、示代词 this those that 关系代词 which that who whom where when 9 经典文本 Written deliberately to increase the circulation of Dickens s weekly magazines HOUSEHOLD WORD HARD TIMES was a huge and instantaneous success upon publication in 1854 Yet this novel is not the cheerful celebration of Victorian life one m
7、ight expect from the beloved author of PICKWICK PAPERS and THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP Compressed stark allegorical it is a bitter expose of capitalist exploitation of during the Industrial Revolution and a fierce denunciation of the philosophy of materialism which threatens the human imagination in all
8、times and places With a typically unforgettable cast of characters including the heartless fact worshipper Professor Gradgrind the warmly endearing Sissy Jupe and the eternally noble Stephen Blackpool HARD TIMES carries a uniquely powerful message and remains one of the most widely read of Dickens s
9、 major works 10 syntactic variety 变化句子开头 状语提前 倒装 形式主 语it的使用 长短结合 11 appropriate word choice 合适的用词 符合语境和习惯用法 使用搭配词典 co build dictionary 和语料 库 字典 Collins Co Build Dictionary Cambridge Learners Dictionary Oxford Collocation Dictionary for Students of English 语料库 British National Corpus The Corpus of Co
10、ntemporary American English 12 Idiomaticity Appropriate和idiomaticity的区别 Appropriate I stayed late into the night Idiomaticity I stayed up Appropriate Watching television excessively harms children s health Idiomaticity Watching television excessively takes a toll on children s health 13 分类 1 按背景分 pa
11、rents and children school education campus life dorm teachers extracurricular activities the value of subjects art and music history sciences secondary language economic classes sports and physical exercise job choice Technology computer games Mass Media television movies advertisements government i
12、nvestment factors in success creativeness planning the ability to read the ability to write reality and ambition happiness animal and pets 14 按是否包含比较关系分 单一事物类 2007 12 01 People should not pay for public transportation 比较选择类 2009 02 27 It is better to have a job with more vacations but lower salaries
13、 than a job with less vocations but higher salaries 15 按是否包含因果关系分 结论型 结论型出自传统的185题库 2009 04 03 NA Do you agree or disagree The best way to improve the quality of the education in a country is to increase teachers salaries 因果型 因果型题目是从GRE ISSUE题目演化而来 2006 09 15 Recently we have so many sources of news
14、 and information so that we cannot tell which one is reliable and who is telling the truth 16 按是否包含绝对词分 包含绝对词的题目 2008 05 12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement University education is the most important factor in people s success 不包含绝对词的题目 17 第二课 essay的结构 18 Essay分为三大部分 Introductio
15、n Body 和Conclusion Introduction和conclusion不重要 body是 得分关键 19 Introduction Introduction最重要的是thesis statement 直接表明thesis statement显得十分突兀 因此 thesis statement前面往往加上一个 引出 引出一般有三种方法 反方观点 双方争议和设问 引出之前往往加上一个 背景background 20 Thesis statement 回答topic 表明自己的倾向或观点 暗示下文走向 Thesis statement实际是前置的conclusion 21 Body P
16、aragraphs Body paragraphs的数量 一般情况下3个 2个body paragraphs可能 无法对thesis statement充分展开 4个body paragraphs由于时间所限 可能无法充分展 开 22 Body paragraphs的字数 每个paragraphs以80字为下限 保证充分 展开 150字为上限 保证不写废话 23 Body paragraphs不重合 mutually exclusive Body paragraphs的衔接 使用Transitional words 使用repetition Body paragraphs的衔接 使用Transitional words 使用repetition 24 Transitional words 表顺序 Firstly secondly finally last but no least 表并列 besides in addition 表对比 in contrast in comparison 表递进 more importantly above all 25 Topic Sentence T
