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1、运筹学 Operations ResearchBrief historyOperations research is relatively young discipline, being organized as a separate professional field of study only since the end of World War II. The Operational Research Society of the Untied Kingdom (ORS), Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and the I
2、nstitute of Management Sciences (TIMS) were found in 1948, 1952 and 1953, respectively. However, the methods and practices of operations research were being applied just prior to the war by British scientists working for the Air Ministry. In fact, two of these scientists are credited with first coin
3、ing the phrase “operational research”.简单的历史回顾运筹学是一门相对比较年轻的学科。它是从二战以后才开始作为专业学科而被研究的。 英国运筹学会，美国运筹学会和管理学会分别成立于1948,1952 和1953。然而，早在二战之前，英国的科学家就将运筹学的理论和实践应用于空军。事实上,正是这些科学家中的两位首次提出了“运筹学”这一名词。 The earliest application of operations research involved improving the early warning system of the RAFs Fighter C
4、ommand. This system was quickly put to the test during the Battle of Britain. Throughout the remainder of the war, the methods of operations research were used by all branches of the British military to improve the results of their operations. As might be expected, the armed forces of the United Sta
5、tes began to apply similar techniques soon after Pearl Harbor. 运筹学最早应用是在提高英国皇家空军司令部的预警系统上。这个系统在英国的战争中很快被测试。在整个余下的战争中，运筹学的方法被英国的分支部队用于提高他们的控制结果。正如期望的那样，在珍珠港事件后，美国军方也开始应用类似的技术。 After WWII, the use of operations research continued in the military and was greatly expanded. In addition, businesses on bot
6、h sides of the Atlantic began to apply operations research to a broad range of management problems, such as accident prevention, production planning, inventory control, and personnel planning.二战后，运筹学继续运用在军事方面，并且有极大的拓展，另外，大西洋两岸的商业活动开始将运筹学应用到管理问题的广阔的领域，例如，事故预防，生产计划编制，存货控制和人事计划编制。The first formal unive
7、rsity courses and curricula also began to be developed during the immediate postwar period. MIT, Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University), and the University of Pennsylvania were among the first universities to offer formal degree programs in the United States in the early
8、fifties. It is interesting to note that similar academic programs did not develop in the United Kingdom until latter, although lectures and courses were offered at a few universities. University programs in operations research in the United States and Canada are located in a wide variety of colleges
9、, schools, and departments, reflecting the fields highly interdisciplinary nature. Programs are found in departments of mathematical science, decision sciences, statistics, industrial engineering, computer science, management science, engineering management, mechanical engineering, and operations re
10、search. These departments are located in school or colleges of engineering, business, management, industrial engineering, and applied science.战后，第一批正规大学课程也开始涌现，并迅速得到发展。50年代早期，麻省理工学院，卡斯技术学院（现在的卡斯西方储备学院）和宾夕法尼亚大学是他们之中第一批提供正规的学位课程的大学。尽管这些课在少数的大学被设立，有趣的是，在英国尽管有零星的大学也进行了一些有关运筹学的演讲和课程，但是直到后来类似的学术课程才在英国得到发展
11、。在美国和加拿大，运筹学方面的课程在各种学校、学院和院系中被广泛设置，反映出这个领域高度融合的性质。这些课程被设立在材料科学，决策科学，统计学，工业工程，计算机科学，管理科学，工程管理，机械工程和运筹学等院系中。这些院系隶属工程、商业、管理、工业工程和应用科学等学校或学院。 Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machin
12、e systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” Important to the field is the development, testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize the outcome for a given condition. This gives decision makers the ability eit
13、her to choose the “best” outcome or to enhance the likelihood of a given set of desired outcomes. The application of quantitative methods is also very important.美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好的设计和运作人-机系统的决策科学。这个领域的重点是发展，检测和应用模型去预测在不同条件下的各种结果，或者优化给定条件下的结果。决策者应有的能力是：要么选择最优结果，要么增大一系列给定结果中的好的结果的可能
14、性。定量方法的应用也是非常重要的。Some OR accomplishments Some important breakthroughs of the 1970s and 1980s are highlighted below, with description of how they have employed and the resulting economic impact.运筹学的一些成果在20世纪70年代到80年代之间取得了一些十分突出的重大突破，下面讲述他们如何被应用以及其对经济的影响。Integrative OR accomplishments In 1983 and 1984
15、 , Citgo petroleum corporation , the nation s largest independent refining and marking company ,with 1985 sales in excess of $4 billion, invested in a unique set of comprehensive and integrative systems that combine such OR disciplines as mathematical programming, forecasting, and expert systems, wi
16、th statistics and organizational theory. Ctigo applied the OR systems to such operations as crude and product acquisition, refining ,supply and distribution ,strategic and operations market planning ,accounts receivable and payable, inventory control ,and setting individual performance objectives ,and now credits these OR systems with turning a 1984 operating loss that exceeded $5 million into a 1985 operating profit in excess of $7 million
