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1、非谓语动词一、概述： 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点： 1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. 2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to f
2、it him very well. 3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） 4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语
3、） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点： 1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。二、非谓语动词种类：（一）动词不定式：
4、（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 1、不定式的形式： 主动 被动一般式to do to be done进行式 to be doing /完成式 to have done to have been done否定式：not + (to) do 1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如： Im glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operate
5、d on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. 2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend
6、.（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1、动名词的形式：主动语态 被动语态一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done否定式：not + 动名词 1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 4）完成被动式： He forgot having be
7、en taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（三）现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式：主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定式：not + 现在分词 1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
8、式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打蓝球。 2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the nau
9、ghty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。三、非谓语动词句法功能主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词1、不定式的句法功能：1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose
10、your heart.常用不定式做主语的句型有： (1) Its difficult (important, possible，necessary) for sb. to do (2) Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. / He appears to have caught a cold.3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, o
11、ffer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词but，except的宾语，（前有do，后无to）如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but re
12、pair his bike. 动词不定式有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 有些动词（吾看三室两厅一感觉）五看：look at, see, watch, notice, obs
13、erve三使：make, have, let一感觉：feel，后有动词不定式作宾语补足语，不定式应省略to, 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. / He was seen to cross the road.5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A）主谓关系：（被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑主语：） He is the first to get here.B）动宾关系：（被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑宾语：） I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名
14、词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式的动作由句子主语发出，用主动式；如果动作不是有主语发出，用被动式： Do you have anything to type? Do you have anything to be typed?C
15、）说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 6）作状语： A）表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right: To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is n
