旅游管理专业英语第二版 段开成讲义Lesson07 Eye contact

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1、Eye contact Eye contact is an intense nonverbal, visual connection made as one person gazes into the eyes of another. It is a highly emotional link established as two people simultaneously observe each others eyes.Gazing at anothers eyes arouses strong emotions. Thus, eye contact rarely lasts longer

2、 than three to five seconds before one or both viewers experience a powerful urge to glance away. Breaking eye contact lowers stress levels (as measured, e.g., by breathing rate, heart rate, and sweaty palms). The pupil size reveals a great deal about our emotions, convictions, and moods.As with oth

3、er primates, human beings show an extreme alertness to where others are looking. Though we consciously control where our own eyes hover and land, we feel compelled to look at objects and body parts which our primate brain finds interesting (e.g., faces, breasts, hands, and trees)-or to gaze away fro

4、m what it finds distasteful. In response to feelings of shyness, submissiveness, and stranger anxiety, an inner primate voice warns us to be careful and to watch where we look. In crowded elevators, our eyes cannot roam freely across anothers faces (as they can, e.g., freely watch media faces pictur

5、ed in magazines and shown on TV).There is more direct gaze when people like each other and cooperate, while people make less eye contact when they dislike each other or disagree. In primate behavior, the unwavering gaze evolved as a sign of dominance and threat, while gaze avoidance originated as a

6、submissive cue.Gaze direction clearly shows others where our attention lies. Humans have developed an ability to gaze back into the eyes of our beholders in order to gauge their feelings. However, being looked at so arouses the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response) that we may feel c

7、ompelled to glance away.The Spiritual and the BiologicalAll human beings that are capable of sight are interested in the eyes of other people. From the moment of birth we respond to our mothers eyes as if programmed to do so. Babies instinctively smile at black geometric spots-perceiving them as eye

8、s by six weeks of age. In adults, eye contact shows personal involvement and creates intimate bonds. Mutual gaze narrows the physical gap between us.Many cultures of today and the past consider eye contact (whether prolonged or fleeting) to be a spiritual and renewing experience, while other culture

9、s see it as intrusive and rude. The eyes have often been described as the mirrors of the soul, and lovers often gaze into each others eyes for extended periods of time to show and nonverbally express their love for one another.As primates, for whom facial expressions provide key social and emotional

10、 information, we continually probe each others eyes for positive or negative mood signs. We are acutely aware of being noticed by strangers. In waiting rooms we periodically glance up and scan for roving eyes (much as do monkeys in a cage). The popular book The Sense of Being Stared At by Rupert She

11、ldrake discusses how sensitive human beings are when it comes to being looked at, especially for more than a few seconds. Most if not all people have experienced the sense of being stared at least a few times during their life; the staree suddenly gets the feeling that someone is looking at them, an

12、d when they glance upwards they find that someone very close or even across a crowded room is staring them down, at which point the starer is usually startled/embarrassed and quickly looks off in another direction. This is not an uncommon experience, as almost everyone has experienced this strange b

13、ut interesting phenomenon several times during their lifetime. This same phenomenon has been observed and can be noted by staring at strangers in stopped traffic; almost invariably the person being looked at will quickly notice that they are being stared down by the stranger in one of the many cars

14、that surround them. Once again the person somehow senses that they are being stared at by another being.Scientific experiments have been done where two complete (opposite sex) strangers were put into a room and told to look into each others eyes for as long as they could handle it. The actual experi

15、ment only lasted about five minutes per pairing, yet after the experiment was concluded many of the people who were paired up reported strong and deep loving feelings for the eye contact partner, despite formally meeting them only briefly at the moment right before the experiment began. As testament

16、 to the power of eye contact, a substantial majority of the individuals that were paired up in the study immediately pursued love relationships or eventually married one another.Trivia & MiscellaneousMaintaining eye contact without staring (staring/gawking is considered very rude) demonstrates sincere interest in the other person. Cultural differences must be considered in determining proper eye contact. Eye contact is crucial to establishing a connecti

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