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1、尼采论文：尼采唯意志论美学思想对鲁迅、朱光潜的影响【中文摘要】对人类和世界本原、对人生意义和自由的探索,自古以来就是历代圣贤和哲学家们苦苦思索的终极命题。作为唯意志论思想的奠基人,叔本华撇开传统哲学的心物二分的认识论路径,从人性的需求和审美的角度审视世界和人的自由,他指出,意志是充斥着整个宇宙,无根据、无、无止境的追求,是永不停息的欲求和冲动,生命意志构成了世界的本质,生命意志的客体化创造了全部表象世界。由于意志及其满足的无尽性,人生注定是痛苦的,解除痛苦的最终途径只能是通过死亡否定意志,而艺术能够使人暂时挣脱意志、欲望的束缚,忘却个体性和自我,在审美享受中获得片刻的慰藉。尼采继承了叔本华意志
2、本源和生命意志本体论的思想,但他从根本上反对通过否定意志来获得生命意义和人生自由的主张。尼采认为,生命意志是积极创造、战斗不止的永恒冲动和本能,人生痛苦并不可怕,恰恰是锻炼、彰显生命意志、推动人生创造的重要环节和途径。生命意志绝不是什么“适者生存”式的被动适应和自我保存,而是“追求力量的扩展”,是争优势、争发展和争强力的“强力意志”。超人查拉图斯特拉是强力意志的集中代表。尼采的强力意志思想和超人学说竭力反对叔本华对人生持有的的悲观态度,充满着乐观主义的战斗气息,在关注和改造人的同时,也充满着矛盾和糟粕。尼采的唯意志论美学思想是建立在他唯意志论的本体论之上的,以酒神精神为根基,以酒神精神和日神精
3、神的对立统一为譬喻,追求强力意志、永恒创造,反对理性至上、知识万能和颓废平庸,赋予人生以美学意义和艺术情趣,充满着人本情怀、战斗气息和辩证法思想。全文共分四章。第一章主要介绍了尼采唯意志论思想的主要来源、基本思想,述评了尼采强力意志、超人思想的基本内容,重点分析了尼采唯意志论美学观的基本内容,简要介绍了尼采唯意志论思想在中国的传播。尼采是一个以文学的方式表达政治理想的文学家、思想家,其美学思想主要体现在悲剧的诞生中,其特点是以正视人生苦难、肯定生命意志为核心,以日神(阿波罗)和酒神(狄奥尼索斯)精神的对立统一为主线,给生命以形而上学的根据和慰藉为,深入分析了日神精神和酒神精神的对立统一及其带来
4、的希腊艺术文化的发展历史,分析了希腊各类艺术的基本特征,重点揭示了古希腊悲剧的起源和实质,探讨了艺术与人生、与国家精神的关系,提出,要大力弘扬酒神精神,发挥艺术特别是悲剧的作用,激励人,塑造人,改变人,创造人,反对理性至上、知识万能和颓废平庸,期翼德意志精神的复兴。第二章介绍尼采唯意志论美学思想对鲁迅的影响。鲁迅对尼采开始发生兴趣,起源于留日期间,查拉图斯特拉如是说是鲁迅接触尼采思想的开始和最重要的著作。酒神精神对青年鲁迅思想影响犹大,他把推进自由、自强、自立的个性解放,弘扬勇于创造、敢于战斗的猛士(超人、酒神)精神当作达到“立国”、“立人”、民族解放乃至社会解放的途径,这种思想主要表现在留日
5、时期的几篇著作中,集中起来可概括为：尚精神、非物质；尚自由、抗压迫；尚个性、期超人猛士。伴随着革命实践的深入,鲁迅对尼采思想逐渐疏离甚至批判尼采思想中的糟粕,但他不迷信任何权威,追求真理、渴望自由、强烈的社会责任感和人文主义情怀贯穿一生。第三章介绍朱光潜对尼采唯意志论美学思想的吸收与创新。朱光潜把日神和酒神从尼采语境中剥离出来,使酒神屈从于日神,以日神来点化酒神,扬弃了尼采的美学观来构建自己的艺术人生观和文艺观,探讨了“距离说”、艺术欣赏与创作中的非理性因素等问题。在尼采那里酒神精神是最为根本,而在朱光潜这里日神精神则是最为珍贵,酒神最终屈从于日神,人应该以日神的心态对待人生,“以出世的精神做
6、入世的事业”,将现实生活艺术化,在忙碌的生活中懂得怡情养性,赋情感于形象之中,通过艺术形象来获得心灵的解脱,在艺术的王国里获得精神的自由。第四章从人生经历和人生取向的角度分析比较尼采唯意志论美学思想对鲁迅、朱光潜影响的不同以及本文研究的当代意义。总之,尼采唯意志论思想之于现代中国的主要意义,一方面在于他给鲁迅这样的意在扫荡社会弊端的战士提供了精神鼓舞,另一方面也为像朱光潜这样致力于学术文化和人之精神建设的知识人拓展了生命意义之源,更重要的是它促进了主体性的觉醒和人的全面自由发展。【英文摘要】The ultimate proposition of exploring the essence of
7、 man and the world, t he meaning of life and freedom is pondered by successive sages and philosop hers. As the ideological founder of voluntarism, Schopenhauer puts aside the path of detaching mind and matter, observing the world and mans freedom fr om the point of mans needs and aesthetics, he note
8、s that the will is a kind of groundless, aimless, and endless pursuit of desires and impulses,which is fil led with the entire universe, constituting the essence of the world, the object o f life will create the appearance of the world. Because of the endless desires, man is bound to be painful, the
9、 ultimate way to relieve the pain of death is t o deny the will, the art can make people temporarily break the shackles of wil 1 and desires, forget individuality and yourselves, get a moment of comfort.Nietzsche inherits Schopenhauers idea that the will is the origin of life a nd the idea of ontolo
10、gy, but he fundamentally opposes to the idea that denies the meaning of life and freedom. Nietzsche believes that Life Will means etern al impulse and instinct, pain of life is not terrible, it is just used to reveal Li fe Will,to promote creation. Life Will never means “survival of the fittest”, pa
11、 ssive adaptation and self-preservation, but “the pursuit of the expansion of powe r” is to get advantage, development and strong power. Superman Zarathustra is a typical representative of powerful will. Nietzsches superman theory strongl y opposes Schopenhauers pessimistic attitude,which is full of
12、 optimism fighti ng atmosphere, paying close attention to people and reforming them, but suff using contradictions and dross.Nietzsches voluntarism aesthetics is based on his ontology of voluntarism taking the unity of opposites about Dionysian spirit and Sun God to make it parable,pursuing the powe
13、rful will and eternal creation, opposing the rationality first, knowledge universal mediocrity and decadence, endowing life aesthetic meaning and artistic taste, being full of human feelings, fighting atmosphere an d thought of dialectics The Paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter in
14、troduces the m ajor source of Nietzsches voluntarism, making a comment of Nietzsches power ful will, the basic content of Superman, focusing on the analysis of Nietzsches view of voluntarism aesthetics, describing the spread of Nietzsches voluntaris m in China briefly. Nietzsche is a writer and thin
15、ker who expresses his politic al ideals of in literary, and its aesthetics ideas are mainly embodied in The Bir th of Tragedy, characterized by facing up to life suffering, affirming Life Will, centering on the unity of opposites of the Sun God (Apollo) and Bacchus (Dionysus) spirit, giving metaphys
16、ical basis and comfort to life. analyzing th e unity of opposites of Sun God and Dionysian spirit in-depth. it results in the history of Greek art and culture, analyzing the basic characteristics of the Gre ek arts, focusing on revealing the origin and the essence of ancient Greek trag edy,probing the relationship among art and life and the national spirit,putting forward to propagating the Dionysian spirit, playing its full role of tragedy part icularly to inspire people, sh
