《克鲁格曼国际经济学第六版的教师手册含习题答案 imch12》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《克鲁格曼国际经济学第六版的教师手册含习题答案 imch12（8页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、81 CHAPTER 12 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Chapter Organization The National Income Accounts National Product and National Income Capital Depreciation International Transfers and Indirect Business Taxes Gross Domestic Product National Income Accounting in a Closed Economy C
2、onsumption Investment Government Purchases The National Income Identity for an Open Economy An Imaginary Open Economy The Current Account and Foreign Indebtedness Saving and the Current Account Private and Government Savings Case Study Government Budget Deficit Reduction May Not Increase the Current
3、 Account Surplus The Balance of Payments Accounts Examples of Paired Transactions The Fundamental Balance of Payments Identity The Current Account Once Again The Financial Account The Capital Account The Statistical Discrepancy Official Reserve Transactions Box The Mystery of the Missing Surplus Cas
4、e Study Is the United States the World s Biggest Debtor Summary 82 CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the international macroeconomics section of the text The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the focus of international macroeconomics You may want to contrast the type of topics studied
5、 in international trade such as the determinants of the patterns of trade and the gains from trade with the issues studied in international finance which include unemployment savings trade imbalances and money and the price level You can then preview the manner in which the theory taught in this sec
6、tion of the course will enable students to better understand important and timely issues such as the U S trade deficit the experience with international economic coordination European Economic and Monetary Union and the financial crises in Asia and other developing countries The core of this chapter
7、 is a presentation of national income accounting theory and balance of payments accounting theory A solid understanding of these topics proves useful in other parts of this course when students need to understand concepts such as the intertemporal nature of the current account or the way in which ne
8、t export earnings are required to finance external debt Students will have had some exposure to closed economy national income accounting theory in previous economics courses You may want to stress that GNP can be considered the sum of expenditures on final goods and services or alternatively the su
9、m of payments to domestic factors of production You may also want to explain that separating GNP into different types of expenditures allows us to focus on the different determinants of consumption investment government spending and net exports The relationship between the current account savings in
10、vestment and the government budget deficit should be emphasized It may be useful to draw an analogy between the net savings of an individual and the net savings of a country to reinforce the concept of the current account as the net savings of an economy Extending this analogy you may compare the ne
11、t dissavings of many students when they are in college acquiring human capital and the net dissavings of a country that runs a current account deficit to build up its capital stock You may also want to contrast a current account deficit that reflects a lot of investment with a current account defici
12、t that reflects a lot of consumption to make the point that all current account deficits are not the same nor do they all warrant the same amount of concern The chapter includes a case study on the current account imbalances of the United States and Japan in the 1980s that allows students to frame a
13、 policy debate in the context of the accounting relationships presented in the chapter 83 Balance of payments accounting will be new to students The text stresses the double entry bookkeeping aspect of balance of payments accounting The 1997 U S balance of payments accounts provide a concrete exampl
14、e of these accounts Large statistical discrepancy between the current and capital accounts are discussed in a box on the apparent global current account deficit These statistical discrepancies illustrate some real world difficulties in measuring international payments Note that the book uses the new
15、 current financial capital account definitions The old capital account is now the financial account The current account is the same except that unilateral asset transfers debt forgiveness or immigrants moving wealth with them are now in the new capital account Credits and debits are marked in the sa
16、me manner if money comes into a country it is a credit A description of the changes along with revised estimates for 1982 98 can be found in the article by Christopher Bach see references These changes were made in conjunction with the IMF s new standards A description of these new standards can be found in the Survey of Current Business Article listed at the end of the references The chapter concludes with a discussion of official reserve transactions You may want to stress that from the standp
