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1、-The Impact of the Wars of the Roses on English Social Development Abstract: The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1485 between House of Lancaster and House of York. There were three periods of sustained conflict: 1455-1461, 1469-1471, and 1483-148
2、7. The name of the Wars of the Roses was based on the badges used by the two sides, the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists. After the war the aristocracy suffered dreadfully, and Tudor dynasty was founded. Based on the historical facts, this paper is to discuss the cau
3、ses of the Wars of the Roses, the impact of this war on the social development of England and also on the postwar England as a whole.Key Words: The Wars of the Roses; aristocracy; social development玫瑰战争对英国社会发展的意义摘 要：玫瑰战争是中世纪英格兰的一系列围绕约克和兰开斯特两大王族的内战。这场战争分为1455-1461, 1464-1471和1485-1487三个阶段。这场战争得名于两大家族
4、的族徽，既红色玫瑰的兰开斯特王族和白色玫瑰的约克家族。这场战争结束后，英格兰的贵族受到了极为严重的削弱，都铎王朝亦从此建立。本文旨在通过对相关历史史实的讨论,试图进一步探讨玫瑰战争爆发的缘由和这场战争对当时英格兰社会发展的意义以及日后对英格兰造成的影响。关键词： 玫瑰战争;贵族统治；社会发展CONTENTSIntroduction11. Background and Origins of the Wars of the Roses.21.1 Background of the Wars of the Roses21.1.1 The Antebellum Condition of the Eng
5、land.21.1.2 House of Lancaster 21.1.3 House of York21.2 Origins of the Wars of the Roses21.2.1 The Historical Aspects 21.2.2 The Political Aspects32. The Course of the Wars of the Roses42.1 The Initial Phase of the Wars: 1455-1461.4 2.2 The Second Phase of the Wars: 1464-14716 2.3 The Third Phase of
6、 the Wars: 1485-1487.123. The Impact of the Wars on English Social Development.133.1 The Impact of the Wars on political system.133.1.1 The Collapse of Aristocracy.133.1.2 The Rise of Class of Squire and Bourgeois.143.1.3 The Kingship of the Tudor Dynasty.143.2 The Impact of the Wars on Economic Sys
7、tem.14 3.2.1 The Commercialism.14 3.2.2 The Bud of the Capitalism.143.3 The Impact of the Wars on the Social Ideas.154. Conclusion15Bibliography.17.-Introduction In recent years, many researches have been done and published on the Middle Ages of Western Europe, which covered almost every aspect that
8、 people could conceive of. There also have been some works on the Wars of the Roses in medieval England, together with its further impact on English society in the past studies. The Wars of the Roses (14551487) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of House
9、of Lancaster and House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III. The name Wars of the Roses was not used during the time of the wars, but had its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster
10、 and the White Rose of York. The term itself came into common use only in the nineteenth century, after the publication of Anne of Geierstein by Sir Walter Scott. Scott based the name on a fictional scene in Shakespeares play Henry VI Part 1, where the opposing sides pick different-colored roses at
11、the Temple Church. The Wars of the Roses consisted of three periods of sustained conflict: 1459-61, 1469-71, and 1483-87.The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers. Support for each house largely depended upon dynastic marriages with the nobility, feudal ti
12、tles, and tenures. It is sometimes difficult to follow the shifts of power and allegiance as nobles acquired or lost titles through marriage, confiscation or attainder. The wars caused the collapse of the Plantagenet dynasty and its replacement with the new Tudor. And with the heavy casualties among
13、 the nobility coupled with the effects of the Black Death, the wars are thought to have ushered in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England, including a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and a corresponding strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centr
14、alized monarchy under the Tudors. Nevertheless, it is believed that there are still many issues that may be worth studying because the wars happened during a very colorful period which saw the aristocracys collapse and kingships rising,. Someone also seemed it as the symbol of the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance.Background and Origin of the Wars of the Roses1.1 The Antebellum Condition of the England Before the Wars of the Roses broke out, the armistice of the other war had not been carried out long ago. The Hund
