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1、国际贸易专业英语 第二版 檀文茹主编 UnitOne InternationalTradeTheories Pre readingquestions Whatisinternationaltradeabout Whataretheincentivesforcountriestoengageininternationaltrade Whattheoriesoninternationaltradehaveyoustudied Whichtheoriesdoyouthinkbestexplainthenatureofinternationaltrade Inwhatwayhavethesetheor
2、ieshelpedyouunderstandinternationaltrade Mercantilism Internationaltradeisazerosumgame i e thatthebenefitwhichonecountrygainsfrominternationaltrademeansacorrespondingdetrimenttoanothercountry TheAbsoluteCostModel Acountryhasthelowestproductioncostsandsuppliesforeignmarkets too asaresult Example sayT
3、urkeyandGreecehavethesameaveragewagelevel TheComparativeCostModel Thecomparativecostmodelisbasedontwocountries twoproductsandonefactorofproduction labor Technicalknow howorthestateoftechnologyisdifferentinthetwocountries Therearealsoconstantreturnstoscaleandperfectcompetition TheHeckscher Ohlin Samu
4、elson HOS Model Thismodelwasalsobasedonthecomparativecostconceptandtheideathatcompetitivepositionsdependonthesupplyconditionsinspecificlocationsandarethereforelinkedtocountries ratherthancompanies TheLeontiefParadox EmpiricalresearchconductedbyLeontiefquitesoonaftertheSecondWorldWarshowedthatthespec
5、ializationprocessintheUS forexample didnotcorrespondtowhatHOSpredicted andthiswasrepeatedlyfoundinlaterresearch WherefreetradeoughttohavecausedtheAmericanstoconcentrateincreasinglyonproducingrelativelycapital intensivegoods thegoodsinwhichtheUShadacomparativeadvantage thisdidnotappeartobewhathappene
6、dinpractice theUSimportedrelativelycapital intensivegoodsinsteadofexportingthem FactorIntensityReversal AfundamentalcriticismoftheHOSmodelwasthatitassumesthatthesectorscanbearrangedinorderofcapital intensityandthatthisarrangementisuniversal i e thesameinallcountries Thisdoesnotappeartobesoinreality
7、forexample wheretheagriculturalsectorintheindustrializedcountriesoftenhasaboveaveragecapital intensity inthedevelopingcountriesitisoftenhighlylabor intensiveincomparisonwithothersectorsinthosecountries Suchaphenomenonisknownintheoryasfactorintensityreversal ModernTradeTheories Thenewtradetheoriesfoc
8、usedincreasinglyonthequestion whatcanwesayaboutthebusinesscharacteristicsofexportingcompaniesasopposedtocompanieswhichdonotorcannotexport Theideaisthatitisnotsomuchnationalfactors or ifyoulike locationalfactors thatexplaininwhichgoodsastrongcompetitivepositioncanbedeveloped butratherfactorsrelatingt
9、ospecificsectorsorcompanies Anotherimportantdifferenceinrelationtotraditionaltradetheoriesisthatmoderntradetheoriesabandontheassumptionofconstantreturnstoscaleandreplaceitwiththeconceptofeconomiesofscaleinproduction Forexample thismaymeanthatasacompanyproducesonalargerscale averagecostsfall internal
10、economiesofscale butalsothatcostswilldeclineifnumerousotherbusinessesareestablishedinthevicinity externaleconomiesofscale orboth KeyTerms interestrate Thefeechargedbyalendertoaborrowerfortheuseofborrowedmoney usuallyexpressedasanannualpercentageoftheprincipal therateisdependentuponthetimevalueofmone
11、y thecreditriskoftheborrowerandtheinflationrate Interestratescanbecalculatedassimple compoundedoreffective divisionoflabor Theincreasingspecializationofoccupationsandspecifictaskswithinoccupations TheDivisionofLaborbecomesmoreevidentwithincreasingindustrialismandmodernityinsocieties absoluteadvantag
12、e Termcoined andtheorydevelopedbyAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations 1776 IfcountryAcanproduceandexportmoreofacommodityXatacheapercostormoreefficientlythancountryB thencountryAhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingXovercountryB freetrade Freetradeexistswhentheinternationalexchangeofgoodsisneitherrestrictednore
13、ncouragedbygovernment imposedtradebarriers Subsequently thedeterminationofthedistributionandlevelofinternationaltradeislefttotheoperationofmarketforces comparativeadvantage ThetheoryofcomparativeadvantageisakeyideainclassicalliberaleconomictheoryputforwardbyDavidRicardo Itpositsthatifallcountriesspe
14、cializeinproducingwhattheyarecomparativelybestat i e whattheyaremostefficientatproducing andthentradefreelywithoneanother thentheworldwillbebetteroffeconomically opportunitycost generalequilibrium Theconditionreachedwhenallmarkets forproductsandproductivefactors havecleared thatis establishedequilib
15、riumpricesandquantities factorofproduction Ahumanserviceormaterialgoodthatcanbeusedtocontributetothesuccessofaprocessofproduction Aconstituentelementofanyproductionprocess Factorsofproductioncanbeclassifiedasto 1 human labor ornonhuman material factors or 2 originalorproducedfactors economyofscale t
16、hereductionincostsperitem unitcosts thatresultsfromlarge scaleproduction Thehighcapitalcostsofmachineryorafactoryarespreadacrossagreaternumberofunitsasmoreareproduced Thismaybearesultofautomationormassproduction forexample inthecarindustry Economiesofscalecanalsobeproducedwhenfirmsthatneedsimilarserviceslocatetogether sharingthecostsoftheirservices forexample onindustrialestates factorintensity Therelativeimportanceofonefactorversusothersinproductioninanindustry usuallycomparedacrossindustries I
