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1、 .直接引语和间接引语详解与习题 一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1. 直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：(1) My mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can play with your friends.”(2) Our teacher said, “Class is over, we should have a rest.”2. 间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：(1) My mother told me that I shoul
2、d finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.(2) Our teacher said class was over and we should have a rest.二、直接引语与间接引语的变化直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1. 现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完
3、成时变成过去完成时。例如：She said, “I am hungry.” She said (that) she was hungry.Vince said, “I have found whats wrong with the computer.” Vince said he had found what was wrong with the computer.在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：(1) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：He said, “The word laser is an acronym(首字母缩略词
4、).” He said the word laser is an acronym.(2) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：“Im forty,” he said. He said he is forty.(3) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.He said, “You mustnt smoke in the room.” He said I mustnt sm
5、oke in the room.2. 过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点：(1) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：He said, “I didnt know you.” He said he hadnt known me.当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” Ann said she was born in 1981.(2) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：Robert sai
6、d, “I was joking with Mary.” Robert said he had been joking with Mary.Robert said he was joking with Mary.(3) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：He said, “We hadnt returned to the store when she came.” He said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.(4) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：John said, “When I lived
7、in London I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.3. 将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：He said, “Were spending next weekend at home.” He said they were spending the next weekend at home.They said, “Were going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said
8、they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：He said, “Ill be waiting for you tomorrow.” He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.4. 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第
9、三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：He said, “We love our country.” He said they love their county.(2) 指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。例如：“This house is very expensive,” she said. She said that house was very expensive.(3) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：a. 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如
10、：He said, “It was completes a year ago.” He said it had been completed a year before.b. 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：She said, “We left Paris at 8 a.m.” She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m.She said they left Paris at 8 a.m.c. 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr. Black said, “We starte
11、d learning Chinese last month.” Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月引述） Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）直接引语 间接引语today that day this morning/afternoon that morning/afternoonyesterday the day before, the previous day
12、(the) day before yesterday two days beforetomorrow the next day, the following day(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days timenext week/month the next week/monthlast week/month the week/month beforenow then(4) 地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。例如：She said, “I fir
13、st met your brother here.” She said she first met my brother there.“Are the children here?” Father asked. Father asked whether the children were here.三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1. “Speak English more often in and out of class,” our English teacher said to us. Our English teacher suggested us to speak English mo
14、re often in and out of class. (误) Our English teacher told /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. (正) Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class. (正) 简析：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask, tell, order等动词，其句型是：a
15、sk/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补，只能接-ing形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。 2. “Dont play football on the street, little boys,” the policeman said. The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. (误) The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. (正)
