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1、 1 Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1 Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution about
2、 1800 and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries Examples are alkali for soapmaking bleaching powder for cotton and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exp
3、loitation of William Henry Perkin s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff mauve At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75 of the world ma
4、rket in chemicals This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very h
5、igh pressure for the first time The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen based compounds ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture with the outbreak of world war in 1914 This initiat
6、ed profound changes which continued during the inter war years 1918 1939 1 化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代 我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代 才开始 的 可以认为它起源于工业革命其间 大约在 1800 年 并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业 比如制肥皂所用的碱 棉布生产所用的漂白粉 玻璃制造业所用的硅及 Na2CO3 我们会注意到所有这些都 是无机物 有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以 William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料 苯胺 紫并加以开发利用为标志
7、的 20 世纪初 德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究 到 1914 年 德 国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有 75 的份额 这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和 氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展 而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进 行 这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助 特别是由于 1914 年第一次世界大仗的爆发 对以氮为基础的化 合物的需求飞速增长 这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后 1918 1939 date bake to from 回溯到 dated 过时的 陈旧的 stand sb in good stead 对 很有帮助 Since 1940
8、 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate although this has slowed significantly in recent years The lion s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s The explosives growth in petrochemicals in th
9、e 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene polypropylene Before reading the text below try to answer following question 1 When did the modern chemical industry start 2 Can you give a definition for the chemical industry 3 What are
10、 the contribution which the chemical industry has made to meet and satisfy our needs 4 Is the chemical industry capital or labor intensive Why 2 nylon polyesters and epoxy resins 1940 年以来 化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展 尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢 化 学工业的发展由于 1950 年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得 石油化工在 60 年 代和 70 年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们
11、对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯 聚丙烯 尼龙 聚脂和环氧树脂的需求 巨大增加 The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry within which it plays a central role It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products These products are purchased be
12、cause they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application e g a non stick coating for pans or a weedkiller Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce 今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门 并且在制造业中起着核心的作用 它生产了数 千种不同的化学产品 而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品 这些产品被购买是因为他们
13、具有某些性质 适合 人们 的一些特别的用途 例如 用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂 这些化学产品归根到底是由于 它们能产生的作用而被购买的 2 Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were
14、clearly chemicals e g alkali sulphuric acid At present however many intermediates to products produced from raw materials like crude oil through in some cases many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods or readily converted into them The difficulty cones in deciding a
15、t which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry s sphere of activities To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma emulsion paints may contain poly vinyl chloride poly vinyl acetate Clearly synthesis of vinyl chloride or acetate and it
16、s polymerization are chemical activities However if formulation and mixing of the paint including the polymer is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry 2 化学工业的定义 在本世纪初 要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的 因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的 而且是非 常清楚的化学品 例如 烧碱 硫酸 然而现在有数千种化学产品被生产 从一些原料物质像用于制备许 多的半成品的石油 到可以直接作为消费品或很容易转化为消费品的商品 困难在于如何决定在一些特殊 的生产过程中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范畴 举一个特殊的例子来描述一下这种困境 乳剂漆 含
