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1、欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens
2、 and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself， v
3、irtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed i
4、n water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and Ill move the World” Others Diogenes （the Cynics） Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno（the Stoics） 4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander， king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被
5、罗马攻克 2.基督教和圣经Jews以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Con
6、stantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in
7、which classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal
8、hierarchy（层次，等级） of society is Gods rule The power of feudal rulers is Gods will Pope is Christs Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and E
9、xperimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research， called for careful observation Dante（但丁） 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achie
10、vement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet， father of modern poetry 文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺
11、术家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation， took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Cze
12、ch Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括点击下载点击下载点击下载 crowned li
13、terature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖学） founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492， Columbus发现了America 1487，
14、Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5. 17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Keplers Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all
15、 modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics， the law of inertia， the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconsciou
16、s （潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica， English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist （knowledge come from experience） Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy Locke 政治论 Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection） Social Contract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action Joh
