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1、Unit 2 RobotsPeriod3 Discovering useful structures一、学习目标复习掌握被动语态和学习动词不定式的被动形式，并进行初步的运用。二、语法重难点1、语法重点 a) 被动语态的结构 b)动词不定式的被动形式2、语法难点a) 主动句与被动句的转换 b) 动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义三、知识呈现（语法重点）1.语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（Passive Voice）。W
2、e cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。2. 被动语态的结构动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。一般现在时： am / is / are done一般过去时： was / were done现在进行时： am / is / are being done过去进行时： was
3、/ were being done现在完成时： have / has been done过去完成时： had been done一般将来时： shall / will be done ; be going to be done当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为 can / must / have tobe done【注意】：在被动句中有时用by- 词组，有时不用。一般来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用 by 词组。例如：Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. 哈姆雷特是莎
4、士比亚写的。动词不定式的主动被动结构变化一览表一般式进行式完成式主动to doto be doingto have done被动to be done_to have been done语法难点1.主动句与被动句的转换转换规则：用公式表示为:(主动) S+V+O （被动） S(O)+V(be+ V-ed)+ by + O(S), 如：Miss Li is teaching music now. Music is being taught ( by Miss Li ) now.（1）含有单宾语的主动句的转换：口诀1：宾提前变主，主变介by宾，被动be加done,时态看主动。（主动）People s
5、peak English almost all over the world. 世界各地都有人讲英语。（被动）English is spoken almost all over the world.当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句。a) 用先行词it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；People believe that he is an honest boy. 大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。（被动）It is believed that he is an honest boy.b) 把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。
6、（被动）The boy is believed to be an honest one.（2）.含有双宾语的主动句的转换口诀2：如遇双宾语，最好变间宾，如若变直宾，间宾前加to/for (pass, lend ,buy, write ,bring, show, tell)I gave the book to Mr. Smith yesterday. 昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。（被动）Mr. Smith was given a book yesterday (by me).（被动）The book was given to Mr. Smith yesterday ( by me).（3）. 含
7、有介词的动词短语的主动句的转换。(主动)Grandma will take care of my sister. 奶奶会照顾好妹妹。（被动）My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 【注意】：短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。2.有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。 a)、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词有begin, start, open, close, end, finish, stop等。例如： School begins in September. The stores in this area open
8、 later at weekends than at weekdays. b)主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run, lock等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如： The machine runs well. This pen writes quite smoothly. The books sells well. c)表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等。例如： Your idea sounds re
9、asonable. What he said proved to be correct. d)动名词主动形式表示被动意义 在need, require, want(需要)等动词后，表示“某物(人)要进行处理”时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如： This sentence needs improving. be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 His suggestion is not worth considering. e)动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 在there be结构中。例如：There is a lot of homew
10、ork to do(也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost).在“主语 + be + adj + to do”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap， dangerous等。例如：He is hard to convince.（=for us/you to convince)This question is easy to answer.（不定式隐含在for s
11、b. to do 结构中）在“tooto do; enoughto do”结构中。如：The problem is too difficult to work out The house is big enough to live in.在“with + n + to do”结构中。With nothing to do，he lay in bedWith so many exercises to do，I cant go to the cinema当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。I have a letter to type today(I是to type的逻辑主语) Do you have
12、anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语)一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。常见的这类动词有let(出租)，rent，hire，blame等。The house is to let I felt l was to blame.练案A组：课堂基础练习一 把下列句子改写成被动语态。1. They make machines in that factory.2. Everybody likes this song.3. He doesnt show the stamps to me.4. People dont grow rice in the west of Japan.5
13、. He often helps Tom when Tom is in trouble.6. Do the workers build many buildings?7. Does Kate sometimes break glasses?8. Do you always send a letter to Mr. Hu ?9. What does the teacher often tell the boys to do?10. How many desks do they buy every term?二.单句改错，在下列句子中错误处划线，并在下方写出正确形式。1. There is som
14、ething wrong with the machine. It needs being repaired. 2. Ive worked with the children before, so I know what to be expected in my new jobs. 3. Did you find out when to be taken the pie out of the oven? 4. I dont want to be sounded like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. 5. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything to buy?_
