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1、2018年厦门大学海外教育学院354汉语基础专业硕士之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 ConceptualismIt is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it 【答案】refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 2 S
2、lang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations
3、with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite r
4、apidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 3 Contextual meaning【答案】 It is also called speaker?s meaning, or utterance meaning, which is more closely related to the context. For example, when a person says “My bag is heavy”，what he actually means may be asking the hearer t
5、o help him carry the bag. 4 Foregrounding【答案】 This term is meant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation an
6、d parallelism. 5 Prefix【答案】 In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes （they cannot occur as independent words ） . While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are less common. Some languages employ
7、 mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions. 6 IPA【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is devised by the I
8、nternational Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent thephones and phonemes of natural languages. 7 distinctive featuresa means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular 【答案】aspects of language sounds , first sugg
9、ested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people. 8 CALL【答案】 It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer l
10、eads the student through a learning task step-by-step , asking question to check comprehension. Depending on the student response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material. 9 Endocentric construction【答案】 Endocentric construction : An endocentric construction is o
11、ne whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words , which serves as a definable center , or head. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. Noun phrases like “Lovel
12、y Lucy” are typical endocentric constructions. 10Concatenation【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together with no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing wor
13、dsfor example, “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word. 二、Short-answer-questions11What is move- rule?【答案】 Move- rule is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. It goes like this: any element may be moved to another
14、 place, or more generally changed in some way, as long as the relevant conditions （principles ） are satisfied. That is to say, the movements are constrained by the other modules of grammar in order to rule out ungrammatical forms, such as the kissed boy girl and were kissed the girl by the boy. It i
15、s the interaction of move- with other syntactic principles that results in grammatical strings. It is responsible for the mapping between active and passive. 12What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.【答案】 There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which var
16、iety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables : field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic le
