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1、垄断 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 20
2、12 UPDATE N 格里高利 曼昆 著 经济学基础 第六版 14 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 2 本章我们将探索这些问题
3、的答案 为什么会产生垄断 为什么垄断者的 MR P 垄断者如何决定它们生产产品的价格与数量 垄断者对社会的福利有何影响 政府能对垄断做些什么 什么是价格歧视 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password prote
4、cted website for classroom use 3 考试要求 1 能用图形表示价格歧视的后果 2 区分不同类型的垄断及其后果 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected webs
5、ite for classroom use 4 介绍 垄断 一个没有相近替代品的产品的唯一卖者的 企业 本章我们将学习垄断 并将它与完全竞争做对比 关键的区别 垄断企业具有市场势力 能影响它出售产品的市 场价格的能力 一个竞争性企业则没有市场势力 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain produc
6、t or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 5 为什么会产生垄断 垄断产生的基本原因是 进入壁垒 其他企业不能进 入市场 进入壁垒形成的三个原因 1 生产所需要的关键资源由单个企业所拥有 比如 戴比尔斯公司拥有世界上大部分的钻石矿 藏 2 政府给予单个企业排他性生产某种物品或劳务的 权利 比如 专利 版权法 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole
7、or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 6 为什么会产生垄断 3 自然垄断 一个企业能能够以低于其他企业的成 本向整个市场供应一种所需的物品或劳务 Q 成本 ATC 1000 50 例如 1000 个家庭需要 电力 电力 由于固定成本 很大 而边际 成本很小 ATC曲线向下 倾斜 如果一个企业向 1000个家庭供应
8、电力的平均总成 本比两个企业分 别向500个家庭供 应电力的平均总 成本更低 500 80 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 7
9、竞争企业与垄断企业的需求曲线 在完全竞争市场 市场 需求曲线向下倾斜 但在市场价格上 一家 竞争企业面临的需求曲 线是水平的 企业能够增加产品数量 而不降低价格 因此对 竞争企业而言 MR P D P Q 一家竞争企业的需 求曲线 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or ser
10、vice or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 8 竞争企业与垄断企业的需求曲线 垄断企业是唯一的卖者 它面临的是整个市场 的需求曲线 为了卖出更多的产品 企业必须降低价格 因此 MR P D P Q 一家垄断企业的需 求曲线 主动学习 1 垄断者的收益 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitte
11、d in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use QPTRARMR 0 4 50 14 00 23 50 33 00 42 50 52 00 61 50 n a Common Grounds是 小镇上卡布奇诺咖啡 的唯一卖者 表中表示了对T卡布 奇诺咖啡的市场需求 将该表填写完整 P与AR有什么关系 P与MR有什么关系 主动学习 1 参考答案 2013 Cengage Learning All Ri
12、ghts Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 这里 P AR 和竞 争市场一样 MR P 而竞争性企 业的MR P 1 506 2 005 2 504 3 003 3 502 1 50 2 00 2
13、 50 3 00 3 50 4 004 001 n a 9 10 10 9 7 4 0 4 500 MRARTRPQ 1 0 1 2 3 4 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected web
14、site for classroom use 11 Common Grounds的需求曲线与边际收益曲线 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 01234567 Q P MR MR 需求曲线 P 1 506 2 005 2 504 3 003 3 502 4 001 4 500 MRPQ 1 0 1 2 3 4 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license d
15、istributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 12 理解垄断者的边际收益 增加产量对收益有两种影响 产出效应 更高的产出增加收益 价格效应 价格下降减少收益 为了卖出更多的数量 垄断者必须降低它出售的 每一单位产品的价格 因此 MR MR MC 买者对额外一单位产出的评价 P 大于生产额外 一单位产出的资源的成本 MC 垄断产量太低 如果产量增加 总剩余也会增加 因此 垄断会导致无谓损失 2013 Cengage Learni
16、ng All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password protected website for classroom use 19 P MC 无谓损失 P MC 垄断的福利代价 竞争均衡 产量 QC P MC 总剩余最大 垄断均衡 产量 QM P MC 无谓损失 数量 价格 D MR MC QMQC 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied scanned or duplicated in whole or in part except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product o
