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1、 1 Distinguish between pragmatics and semantics 2 Learn about the Speech Act Theory 3 Analyze conversational implicature Definition Study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication Some basic notions in Pragmatics Context Pragmatics vs semantics Correctness vs app
2、ropriateness Context Context a basic concept in the study of pragmatics It is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer such as cultural background situation time place manner etc the relationship between the speaker and the hearer etc Semantics studies sente
3、nce meaning proposition of a sentence context independent Pragmatics studies utterance meaning context dependent the product of sentence meaning and context 例1 Today is Sunday may mean Time for us to going fishing or I m not going with you I m staying home to have a good rest etc Pragmatics vs Seman
4、tics 例2 B超室医务人员 好好回去保 胎 生 男生女一个样 Another example a bag being heavy sentence meaning an indirect polite request asking the hearer to help carry the bag the speaker is declining someone s offer to help The bag is heavy can mean Ray L Birdwhistell 1952 Correctness vs Appropriateness John play golf gram
5、matically incorrect Golf played John logically incorrect but it might be appropriate pragmatically like in a scribbled note by a hostage Note Pragmatics can make sense out of nonsense given a suitable context Appropriateness is most important in cross cultural communication Pragmatics 1 John Langsha
6、w Austin Speech Act Theory 2 Paul Grice The Cooperative Principle 3 Erving Goffman Face 4 Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson Politeness Theory 5 Anna Wierzbicka Culture and Cognition constative to state an act describe a state Constatives are verifiable Utterances performative to do things perform
7、acts not verifiable Old Model 2 utterances 1 John Austin s Models 1 An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses 2 An utterance is a complete unit of talk bounded by the speaker s silence 3 In dialogue each turn by a speaker may be considered an utterance Examples of Austin
8、s performatives 1 e g 1 I name the ship G teborg 2 I do 3 I declare the 29th Olympic Games open 4 I bet you ten bugs that you will lose Examples of Austin s Performatives 2 1 Verdictives Delivering a verdict acquit convict find hold interpret as understand read it as rule 2 Executives Giving a decis
9、ion in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power appoint name order command fine grant nominate bequeath pardon resign warn plead pray declare open 3 Commissives Committing the speaker to a course of action implies obligation promise undertake give my word 4 Behabitives Ad
10、opting an attitude in reaction to the behavior of others apologize thank sympathy attitudes greetings wishes challenges 5 Expositives Expounding one s views clarifying affirm deny state describe class identify remark mention Locutionary Act 发话行为 Saying something about something Illucutionary Act 示意行
11、为 Doing something by saying something Performatives Perlocutionary Act 言效行为 Effect caused by saying New Model Speech Act Theory Interpretation Locutionary act the statement itself having grammatical structure and linguistic meaning Illocutionary act the speaker s intention Perlocutionary act the eff
12、ect on the hearer also called uptake 言语行为不是 言语的行为 parole 而是一种信息传递行为 其定义参照说 话人的意图 即示意行为 和在听话人 身上取得的效果 即言效行为 Test Identify locution illocution and perlocution in the following example A It s cool in here B turns up the heating Test Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following conversation between a
13、 couple Phone rings Husband The phone is ringing 1 Wife I m in the bathroom 2 Husband Okay 3 Answer 1 Making a request of his wife to go 1 Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone and answer the phone 2 Refusing to comply with the request 2 Refusing to comply with the request issuing
14、a request of her husband to issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead answer the phone instead 3 Accepting the wife s refusal and 3 Accepting the wife s refusal and request meaning request meaning Alright I ll get it Alright I ll get it Every speech act is associated with a set of
15、 felicity conditions that must be satisfied in order to make the speech act successful otherwise the speech act is infelicitous e g if I declared the independence of Quebec in my living room Felicity Conditions 适宜条件 Circumstances around the performative must be appropriate good faith vs bad faith ac
16、cepted according to conventional procedure Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act to arrest to declare etc 1 procedure must be executed correctly and completely 2 Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act 3 Must actually conduct themselves subsequently Communication Maxims 2 Paul Grice Cooperative Principle 1 The Maxim of Quantity 2 The Maxim of Quality 3 The Maxim of Relation 4 The Maxim of Manner The maxim of quantity Contributions should b
