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1、Paper-More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, andwhilstit is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be unders
2、tood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C
3、) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or whichpapyrusis an example and from where we get the word paper. Many of these are very specialized, but thepreponderanceof paper making has been from soft wood and cot
4、ton orrags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerfulmachineryand then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a finepulpofcellulosefibers is produced. It is from this pulp that
5、the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will addbleachand other materia
6、ls such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something calledlignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents a
7、rchivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has be
8、en estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is why is it left in the paper? The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up
9、 a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-fr
10、ee paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what thearchivistmust look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going tohastentheirdemise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causin
11、g them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. Acid-free might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicat
12、e that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture suc
13、h as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this i
14、s probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the
15、advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source
16、for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the bes
