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1、 Unit10Text NontariffBarriers 非关税壁垒 1 Keywords2 Definitionofnontariffbarrierstotrade3 Theimportquotas4 Voluntaryexportrestraints VERs 5 Productstandards6 Domesticcontentrequirements7 Governmentprocurementprovisions8 Europeanbordertaxes9 Administrativeclassification10 Restrictionsonservicestrade11 Tr
2、ade relatedinvestmentmeasures12 Additionalrestrictions13 Additionaldomesticpoliciesthataffecttrade14 Questions 1 Keywords nontariffbarriers NTBs importquotatakebribesvoluntaryexportrestraints VERs rear guardactionmachinetooldomesticcontentrequirementsmixingrequirementgovernmentprocurementprovisionst
3、heEuropeanCommunitypublicutilitiesadvaloremtariffEuropeanBorderTaxesvalue addedtax VAT personalincometaxonanequalfootingadministrativeclassificationcomparativeadvantagetraderelatedinvestmentmeasures TRIMs performancerequirementstrade relatedintellectualpropertyrights TRIPs 2 Definitionofnontariffbar
4、rierstotrade Besidestheuseoftariffstodistortthefree tradeallocationofresources governmentpolicymakershavebecomeveryadeptatusingother lessvisible formsoftradebarriers Theseareusuallycallednontariffbarriers NTBs totrade 3 Theimportquotas 3 1Definitionofimportquotas3 2Reasonsforimportquotas 3 1Definiti
5、onofimportquotas Theimportquotaisalimitonthetotalquantityofimportsallowedintoacountryeachyear Onewayoranother thegovernmentgivesoutalimitednumberoflicensestoimportitemslegallyandprohibitsimportingwithoutalicense Aslongasthequantityoflicensedimportsislessthanthequantitythatpeoplewouldwanttoimportwith
6、outthequota thequotanotonlycutsthequantityimportedbutalsodrivesthedomesticpriceofthegoodupabovetheworldpriceatwhichthelicenseholdersbuythegoodabroad 3 2Reasonsforimportquotas Thefirstisasinsuranceagainstfurtherincreasesinimportcompetition protectionistinsurance andimportspending balance of paymentin
7、surance Quotasarealsochoseninpartbecausetheygivegovernmentofficialsgreateradministrativeflexibilityandpowerindealingwithdomesticfirms 4 Voluntaryexportrestraints VERs Thevoluntaryexportrestraints VERs arearrangementsbywhichthegovernmentofanimportingcountrycoercesforeignexporterstoagree voluntarily t
8、orestricttheirexportsintothatcountry VERsareusedbylarge powerfulcountriesasarear guardactiontoprotecttheirindustriesthatarehavingtroublecompetingagainstarisingtideofimports 5 Productstandards Restrictivelawsandregulationspertainingtoproductqualityareusuallyenforcedinthenameofhealth sanitation safety
9、 andtheenvironment Suchstandardscanbenobleeffortstoenhancesociety swell being andtheyneednotdiscriminateagainstimports But ifagovernmentisdeterminedtoprotectlocalproducers itcanalwayswriterulesthatcanbemetonlybylocalproducts Qualitystandardsdonotraisetariffortaxrevenuesfortheimportingcountry sgovern
10、ment Onthecontrary enforcingtheseruleswithborderinspectionsusesupgovernmentresources Fromtheviewpointoftheworldasawhole thequalitystandardsmaybringagaintotheextentthattheytrulyprotecthealthandsafety Yetitiseasyforgovernmentstodisguisecostlyprotectionisminvirtuousclothing 6 Domesticcontentrequirement
11、s Domesticcontentrequirementsmandatethataproductassembledorproducedinthecountrymusthaveaspecifiedamountofdomesticvalue intheformofwagespaidtolocalworkersormaterialsandcomponentssourcedfromdomesticproducers Domesticcontentrequirementsthuslimittheimportofmaterialsandcomponentsthatotherwisewouldhavebee
12、nusedinmakingtheproduct AcloselyrelatedNTB sometimescalledamixingrequirement stipulatesthatanimportermustbuyacertainpercentageoftheproductlocally Likequalitystandards domesticcontentandmixingrequirementsdonotgenerateanytariffortaxrevenueforthegovernment Thegainsontheimplicitpricemarkupsarecapturedby
13、theprotectedhome countrysellersoftheprotectedproducts Theworldasawholesufferstheusualdeadweightlossbecausethelocalproductsareeitherlessdesiredormorecostlytoproduce 7 Governmentprocurementprovisions Ingeneral theseprovisionsrestrictthepurchasingofforeignproductsbyhomegovernmentagencies Forexample the
14、 BuyAmerican ActstipulatedthatfederalgovernmentagenciesmustpurchasefromhomeU S firmsunlessthefirm sproductpricewasmorethan6percentabovetheforeignsupplier sprice Thisfigurewas12percentforsomeDepartmentofDefensepurchases and foratimea50percentfigurewasused 8 Europeanbordertaxes 8 1Value addedtax8 2Bor
15、dertax 8 1Value addedtax Thevalue addedtax VAT commoninWesternEuropeiswhateconomistscallan indirect tax Withthevalue addedtax anyfirmthatworksoncomponentsatanystageoftheproductionprocess addsvaluetothem andthensellstheminamorefinishedform mustpayataxonthevalueadded Thistaxispassedontothebuyerofthemo
16、refinishedgood Ultimately thefinalpricetotheconsumerincorporatestheaccumulationofvalueaddedtaxespaidthroughtheproductionprocess UnderWTOrules anyimportcomingintothecountrymustpaytheequivalenttaxsinceittooisdestinedforconsumption andbothgoodswillthenbeonanequalfooting 8 2Bordertax ToU S firmstryingtoselltoEurope thisbordertaxthatmatchesthevalue addedtaxlookssuspiciouslylikeatariff eventhoughitisnotlabeledassuch 9 Administrativeclassification Becausetariffsongoodscomingintoacountrydifferbytypeofgo
