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1、此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD DAMAGE CONTROL: THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE外文作者：M. F. VILJOEN AND H. J. BOOYSEN文献出处:Irrigation and Drainage 55(S1):S83 - S91 July 2018 (如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文3347单词，22181字符(字符就是印
2、刷符)，中文5469汉字。（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。）PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD DAMAGE CONTROL: THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCEABSTRACT： South Africa is a relatively dry country with an average rainfall of 500 mm yr 1. Although the occurrence of drought is the most general hydrological characteri
3、stic, floods are also not too infrequent. On average floods causing significant damage occur once every two years somewhere in the country, with larger and more extensive floods once every 1015 years. Recent big floods occurred in 1974, 1988 and 2000. Due to deficiencies in policies and strategies t
4、o manage floods (and other disasters) effectively, a process was set in motion towards the end of the 20th century to develop a new comprehensive policy for disaster management to serve as a framework for policy and strategy development of all disasters including floods. This paper will focus on the
5、 latest approach to flood damage assessment and control in South Africa as part of a new flood management strategy and put it into perspective within the new management policy framework on disasters as well as the diverse expectations, circumstances and needs of formal and informal communities. Larg
6、e-scale urbanisation and population increases have contributed (and are still doing so) to large numbers of people, especially the poor, settling and living in floodplains in and around urban areas. It increases the vulnerability of flooding for these communities. Soweto-On-Sea near Port Elizabeth a
7、nd Alexandra in Johannesburg are cases in point. Where the expectations, needs and socioeconomic circumstances of these people differ considerably from people living in formal communities, the approach to flood damage control planning and management should also be different. The differences and the
8、adequacy with which those differences are provided for in the new policy and strategy framework, as well as possible solutions to overcome deficiencies, will especially be addressed in the paper. Key words: water management South Africa; new policy approachINTRODUCTIONSouth Africa is a relatively dr
9、y country with an average rainfall of 500 mm yr 1. Rainfall declines from above 800 mm yr 1 in the east to below 200 mm yr 1 in the west (Figure 1). Clear cycles of approximately 910 years below average rain followed by above average rain have been observed in summer rainfall areas (Tyson, 1987). Al
10、though the occurrence of drought is the most general hydrological characteristic, floods are also not too infrequent. On average floods causing significant damage occur once every two years somewhere in the country (Smith et al., 1981) with larger and more extensive floods once every 1015 years. Rec
11、ent big floods occurred in 1974, 1988 and 2000. Figure 2 shows how damaging flooding events have increased over time.Due to deficiencies in policies and strategies to manage floods (and other disasters) effectively, a process was set in motion towards the end of the 20th century to develop a new com
12、prehensive policy for disaster management to serve as a framework for policy and strategy development of all disasters including floods. This paper focuses on the latest approach to flood control in South Africa, as part of a new flood management strategy, and puts it into perspective within the new
13、 disaster management policy framework.NEED FOR FLOOD POLICY REFORM New political dispensationThe new Constitution of South Africa that came into effect after the 1994 Referendum made it necessary to review all legislation. For example in the Water Policy White Paper (RSA, 1997) it is stated that:The
14、 need for the review of South African water law and for a fundamental change in our approach to water management is underpinned by the Constitution, both in relation to the creation of a more just and equitable society and, in relation to the broad need for more appropriate and sustainable use of ou
15、r scarce natural resources, driven by the duty to achieve the right of access to sufficient water.Deficiencies in existing policyEven without the command by the Constitution it was necessary to change the existing flood and drought management policy in South Africa due to inefficiencies. With regard
16、 to floods the Water Policy White Paper (RSA, 1997) states for instance the unpredictable nature of the South African climate, resulting in floods of varying degrees of severity.These can cause wide-scale suffering and disruption of human activities if they are not provided for in the (spatial) planning, development and management of water resources (Principles 6 and 21). Up till the last decade, disaster management generally h
