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1、. . .Unit 2 Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work (1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of E
2、xisting Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawt
3、horne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne e
4、ffect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular countrys information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc. The United Nations (http:/www.un.org/en/) : data page: http:/d
5、ata.un.org/The World Bank (http:/www.worldbank.org/) : http:/data.worldbank.org/You can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:http:/ ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques emp
6、loyed in sociology)PartPara(s).Main ideaI Introduction1Sociology as a science and its main research methods II How do you know what you know?2-9Authority, tradition, religion, personal experience, and mysticism V.S. scientific methods III The experiment10-14It is a research technique in which the re
7、searcher manipulates a stimulus to test theories of cause and effect. IV Survey research15-22It is used and designed to study samples in order to measure attitudes, beliefs, values, personality traits, and behavior of participants. V Field research23-29It is mostly resembles our daily casual observa
8、tions of and participation in social behavior, as well as our attempt to understand such behavior.VI Analysis of existing data30-36Its a method in which sociologists analyze data originally collected by others VII Conclusion37Thesis repeated: Sociology is a science because it uses scientific researc
9、h methods2.(1) “common sense”: Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking
10、 in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced. (2) Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know through authoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sens
11、e” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite. (3) The three major components of the scientific method are theory, o
12、perationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual colle
13、ction of data to test the hypothesis. (4)Types of Social PhenomenaContent1. Meanings and symbolsAspects of culture such as norms, worldviews, and language 2. PracticeVarious kinds of behavior such as voting behaviors or morning rituals (for example, washing ones face and reading the daily newspaper)
14、3. EpisodesA variety of events, including divorce, crime, illness, and how people may react during time of disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, or the banning of music television video (MTV)4. EncountersTwo or more people meeting and interacting in immediate proximity with one another. A good exa
15、mple of this is people riding in an elevator5. RolesThe positions people occupy and the behavior associated with those positions: occupations, family roles, ethnic groups6. RelationshipsThe kinds of behavior shown in pairs or sets of roles: mother-daughter relationships, friendships, and so on.7. GroupsSmall groups, such as gangs, athletic teams, and work groups.8. OrganizationsFormal organizations, such as corporations or universities9. SettlementsSmaller-scale “societies” such as villages, ghettos, and neighborhoods(5)Method & brief descript
