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1、word格式Unit 1Knowledge: sth that can be learnedSkills: sth that only can be gained through practice or training,Language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writingLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。Views on language： 1、Structural view （language competen
2、ce）The founder： Saussure The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology） 2、sound combinations（morphology）3、 meaning for communication（syntax）Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structu
3、re and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。2 、Functional view Representative： Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar) The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things Learners learn a language in order to be able to doi
4、ng things with it Use the linguistic structure to express functions3、Interactional view （communicative competence） Emphasis：appropriateness Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people Learners need to know the rules for using the langua
5、ge in certain context The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularyLanguage teacher qualifications： 1、a good command of spoken and written language 2、formulate theory presupposition 3、language background and experience 4、know how languages are learnt 5、
6、the ability to use methods in various situations 6、deep understanding of cultural background 7、understanding the principles of teachingThese elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion， professional qualities and personal stylesView on language learning1. Psycholinguistic: the relat
7、ionship between language and thinking.1) Thinking in language2) Language is necessary for thought.3) Language acquisition(语言习得)4) Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their language without special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious
8、 way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.2. Cognitive theory: the rule for people to aware to cognize sth.Cognitive processes:Process: input-absorb-output Language learning is not just stimulate-reflection, but the using of our subjecti
9、ve capabilities, the using of our cognitive ability to think the language and studying it actively.3. Constructivist theory: learning is a process of meaning construction based on learners own knowledge and experience.S -AT-R(刺激) (反应)Stimulus: assimilation and accommodation 把外部知识纳入自身 纳入自身后也不相符，就要对原有
10、知识进行改变，也就是一种原有知道和外部知识保持联系的创新的过程。Unit 21. CLT（交际英语教学）: it is an approach that considers the functional and social factors in language, emphasizes that the aim of language teaching is to help the learners acquire communicative ability. It offers an effective way to learn language through language use.
11、The basis: the theory of sociology and sociolinguistic.2. Language has two functions: A. the transactional functionto express the context B. the interactional(相互影响的) functionto show social relations and personal attitudeLanguage is used to perform certain communication functions; use all skills: A.
12、Receptive skill: listening and reading B. Productive skill: speaking and writing; used in a certain social context: teach the part of language in real life rather than all the language students develop all the language skills.3. Traditional pedagogy (传统教学法): focus on the forms of language.4. Traditi
13、onal class VS. CLTListening: to the teacher, to the tape sth.unpredictable, sth.authentic, sth.meaningfulReading: learning language get information, exact meaning, different skillsSpeaking: repeating, answering, retelling sth.creating, express oneselfWriting: composition, translation write to expres
14、s oneself, ones feeling, ones thought; write what people write in the way people write.5. Linguistic Competence (= language com.)Chomsky: tacit knowledge of language structures and the ability to use the knowledge to understand and produce language.6. Communicative CompetenceBoth knowledge about the
15、 language and the knowledge about how to use the language in communicative situation appropriately. 7. Features of CLT:1. focus on developing communicative competence2. Focus on useful and necessary language3. Pay attention to the communicative task 4. Place importance on students being fluent5. Encourage students to take part in activities6. Understand the students are of different stand7. Aware that there is not just one kind of English8. Merits of CLT:1. likely to give the students all skills2. More relevant3. Less waste of time and effort9. De
