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1、科技写作基本常识1. 科技写作常见语法和文体错误分析科技学术论文写作所使用的语体为书面语，要求结构严谨，逻辑性强。如果你在撰写论文时，用词不当或出现不少语法错误，则会大大影响你的论文质量。以下分析一些常见的语法和文体错误供读者借鉴。1)逗号叠加（Comma Splice）如果你用逗号连接两个相互独立的完整句子，那么你就犯了“逗号叠加”的语法错误。举例说明：例1：误 Technology never exists in a social vacuum, it is embodied in products, processes, and people.正 Technology never exi
2、sts in a social vacuum; it is embodied in products, processes, and people. （技术决不存在于社会真空里，而是在产品、生产过程以及使用技术的人们中体现出来。）例2：误 Stevensons romances are entertaining, they are full of exciting adventures.正 Stevensons romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures. （史蒂文森的爱情故事引人入胜，因为故事中充满激
3、动人心的探险情节。）注：（1）如果有两个相互独立的完整句子，每个句子后用句号结束；（2）如果这两个完整句子之间有一定的关系，可用分号（；）将这两句隔开。分号含义很多，它可表示原因，条件，时间等等；（3）如果这两个完整句子之间有一定的关系，也可用与表示这两个句子关系的连词（如：for, if, because, as等）连接。2）文体紊乱（Choppy Style）在一篇文章中，句子的长短也很讲究的。如果每句话都是短句，读者读起来会觉得如同嚼蜡一样乏味。因此要特别注意句子的长短搭配。例3：初稿 We have established a Communications Systems (CS) P
4、lanning Team 1. This team includes user representatives from each of the 12 departments in the Forever-Seal Division 2. We hold regular meetings to assess state-of-the-art communications equipment 3. We discuss how new products are being used by other companies 4. At these meetings, the user represe
5、ntatives describe their future needs 5. They also work out their requirements for the new communication network 6.这一段中总共用了6句简单句。其实，这6句中1-2 句，3-4句， 5-6句之间都有一定的关系。以下是经过改写后的段落：修改后 We have established a Communications Systems (CS) Planning Team which includes user representatives from each of the 12 dep
6、artments in the Forever-Seal Division. We hold regular meetings to assess state-of-the-art communications equipment and to discuss how new products are being used by other companies. At these meetings, the user representatives describe their future needs and work out their requirements for the new c
7、ommunication network. （我们已经组建了一支通讯系统策划小组，其成员来自FOREVER-SEAL 部门的12个处级单位的用户代表。我们定期召开会议评估最新通讯设备并讨论其它公司是如何使用这些新产品的。用户代表在会上提出他们今后还需要些什么以及他们如何解决新通讯网络提出的要求。）例4：初稿 Electric cars must be able to meet the same safety standards that gasoline cars must meet as set up by the Department of Transportation. These st
8、andards are derived from an established crash test. In the crash test, the car is propelled against a solid wall at 30 mph.The data obtained from the crash test are analyzed for fuel spillage, fuel system integrity, windshield retention, and zone intrusion.这一段中的用斜体字标出的两句简单句可以考虑合并成一句主从复合句。有两种可能性：（1）T
9、hese standards are derived from an established crash test, in which the car is propelled against a solid wall at 30 mph. (2) These standards are derived from propelling the car against a solid wall at 30 mph, which is an established crash test. 很显然，第一种选择更符合题意。修改后 Electric cars must be able to meet t
10、he same safety standards that gasoline cars must meet as set up by the Department of Transportation. These standards are derived from an established crash test, in which the car is propelled against a solid wall at 30 mph.The data obtained from the crash test are analyzed for fuel spillage, fuel sys
11、tem integrity, windshield retention, and zone intrusion. （电动汽车与燃油汽车一样必须能够达到由交通部制定的安全标准。这些标准是根据公认的撞车试验得来的。这里的撞车试验指的是汽车以每小时30英里的时速撞击一堵墙。由撞车试验得来的数据用于分析燃油撒泼、燃油系统的完整性、挡风玻璃的完好率、防范撞击距离等。）例5：初稿 To replace a brake line, disconnect the union nuts at both ends. Unclip the line from the chassis, pull it out, an
12、d install the new line in the chassis clips. Moisten the ends in brake fluid, then tighten the union nuts.在描述过程或步骤时，为了让读者一目了然，最好用简单句或列表来表示。上例可改写如下：To replace a brake line, you should follow the following instructions:1. Disconnect the union nuts at both ends.2. Unclip the line from the chassis.3. Pu
13、ll the line out.4. Install the new line in the chassis clips.5. Moisten the ends in brake fluid.6. Tighten the union nuts.（要替换汽车的制动衬面，你必须按以下步骤进行：1）拧松两头的连接螺钉；2）松开绷在框架的衬面；3）取出衬面；4）把新的衬面装在框架的夹子里；5）用制动润滑剂抹在两头；6）拧紧连接螺钉。）例6：初稿 The proposed system is required to alleviate the increase in demand by using th
14、e microcomputer as a stand-alone entry system with all the necessary graphics and software capabilities to remove the burden of data entry from the present system. CADDS.此例是典型的长而费解的长句。这里要说明的是不要为了写复合句而写复合句。这一段落可根据主题句，用从总体到特殊 (general-to-specific) 的展开模式来阐明该段落的主题进行改写。修改后 The proposed system is required
15、 to alleviate the increase in demand. The system will do that by removing the burden of data entry from the present system. CADDS. This is accomplished by using the microcomputer as a stand-alone entry system. The microcomputer has all the graphics and software capabilities required to implement thi
16、s concept. （要求拟建的系统能缓和不得不增加的信息量。这个系统通过去除现有系统CADDS的数据入口负担而达到这个要求的。我们把微机作为独立入口系统来完成的。而这种微机具有为完成这概念所要求的所有图表以及软件能力。）例7：初稿 Computerized systems can operate in one of three modes. The operating modes are batch processing, remote batch processing and time-share processing. Conventional batch processing met all but one of the des
