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1、河南大学 硕士学位论文 生育权及其民事法律救济制度探析 姓名：徐斌 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：民商法学 指导教师：王明锁 2011-05 I 摘 要 我国宪法和婚姻法明确规定了公民计划生育的权利和义务，妇女权益保障法 、人 口与计划生育法进一步明确了公民的生育权。由于现有的有关生育权的立法主要是从 国家的生育控制权与父母生育权冲突的角度进行立法，导致学界对生育权的性质、主体 等方面展开了热议，研究主要集中在生育权的本质是身份权还是人格权、生育权的主体 是否仅仅为夫妻双方等方面，对生育权的权能及限制、侵权救济等深层次问题学界很少 关注。作者认为生育权既是权利也是义务。学界认为生育权要么是身份权，
2、要么是人格 权， 但是不管是将生育权归入身份权还是人格权， 学者们都不会否认生育权属于人身权。 认为生育权是身份权者认为男女只有在结婚后才能享有生育的权利， 认为生育权是人格 权者认为不论男女只要达到结婚年龄均享有生育权。 和学界对生育权是人格权还是身份 权的争论相对应，法官们面对大量和生育权有关的案件无法可依，只能依据自身对生育 权的理解进行审判，造成适用法律的混乱。 文章从生育权的发展历程着手，以生育权的内容为依托，运用法律思维的方法，用 法学基本的范畴分析与研究生育权，按照生育权是法律权利，是民事权利，是人身权， 是人格权的分析思路将生育权归入人格权，将生育权归入人格权有利于生育权的保护
3、。 生育权的权能包括生育能力支配权，生育知情权，生育自决权以及其他权利。生育权是 一项具体的人格权，对生育权应按照法律确立的一般人格权进行保护。对生育权进行救 济民事法律救济能够最大限度弥补受害人的直接和间接损失。 本文除引言和结语外共分四个部分对该问题进行研究分析： 第一部分，生育和生育权。生育权仅仅是“生殖”的权利。生育制度的发展历经自 然生育阶段、生育义务阶段和生育权利阶段。我国妇女权益保障法 、 宪法 、 婚姻 法和人口与计划生育法规定了生育权，有关生育权的各种学说中公民生育权说具 有合理性。 第二部分，生育权的性质。按照生育权是道德权利还是法律权利，如果是法律权利 生育权是宪法权利还
4、是民法权利，如果是民法权利其法定性、法益性、救济性、独立性 II 如何，进一步按照生育权是财产权还是人身权进行分析，如果是人身权生育权应该是身 份权还是人格权的思路，将生育权定性为人格权。生育权“身份权说”不能成立。在我 国生育权是公民依法享有的自主决定是否生育子女，生育子女的时间、数量、间隔以及 生育方式的权利。对生育权的研究有着重要的意义，理论上有利于生育权的认识统一， 有利于我国民法体系的完善，有利于我国的生育权保护；司法实践中现阶段对生育权的 保护应按照一般人格权进行保护，将来生育权在民事法律中得到具体体现，就按照具体 人格权进行保护。 第三部分，生育权的权能及其限制。生育权能包括生育
5、能力支配权、生育知情权、 生育自决权，夫妻之间不存在所谓的“生育请求权” ；同时生育权的行使受到限制，如 非婚生育和死刑犯的生育权行使受到限制。 第四部分，生育权的民事法律救济制度。侵犯生育权的行为是有过错的行为，侵犯 生育权的行为来自配偶间、医疗机构、其他单位及第三人。侵犯生育权的救济途径有多 种，民事法律救济途径最为直接，能够最大限度达到安慰受害者的心灵的目的。民事法 律救济包括法庭外的调解、仲裁及民事诉讼，侵犯生育权的责任承担方式包括损害赔偿 和非财产性的多种救济方式。 结语部分：生育权的救济法律依据。在现阶段对生育权进行救济可以按照一般人 格权进行保护，制定生育权民事法律后则依据其规定
6、。 关键词：生育权，人格权，侵权责任 III ABSTRACT The Constitution and the Marriage Law clearly stipulated that the citizens rights and obligations of family planning. Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women and Population and Family Planning Law further defined the reproductive rights of citizens.
7、 As the existing legislations related to reproductive rights are mainly established from the perspective of the conflict between the national birth control and the reproductive rights of parents, scholars have fierce debates on the nature and other aspects of reproductive rights, which mainly focus
8、on whether it is, in essence, right of identity or personality right , and whether its subjects are only for husband and wife, with little attentions paid to deep-seated problems in terms of power and restrictions of reproductive right , and its tort relief. This paper takes the view that the reprod
9、uctive right is both the right and obligation of citizens. The scholars believe that it is either the right of identity or personality right. But no matter whether it is the former or the later, scholars will not deny that reproductive rights are personal rights. For those who ascribes the reproduct
10、ive rights to the right of identity, they hold the view that the reproductive rights can only access to men and women after they have married; while for those who ascribes the reproductive rights to personality right, they consider both men and women have the reproductive rights as long as they reac
11、h up to the marriage age. Corresponding to the debate, the judges had to deal with, only based on their understanding of reproductive rights, a large number of relevant cases with no laws to refer to, which result in confusion of the applicable law. This paper, starting from its development process,
12、 relying on its contents, applying the methods of legal thinking, and analyzing it with the basic legal scope, defines the reproductive right as personality right. According to the idea that the reproductive right is personality right which belongs to the personal rights, which, is IV a part of civi
13、l right, and, of course is legal rights. Classifying the reproductive right to the personality right is conducive to its protection. Reproductive rights, including power control over fertility, right to know the procreation, and right to self-determine on procreation and other rights. The power of r
14、eproductive rights consists of right to control over fertility, right to know the procreation, and right to self-determine on procreation and other rights. Reproductive right is a specific personality right, therefore it should be protected in accordance with the general personality rights. As for t
15、he relief of reproductive rights, the civil legal remedies can, to the highest degree, compensate victims of the direct and indirect losses. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into four parts: The first part concentrates on fertility and reproductive right. Reprodu
16、ctive right is only the right of bearing children. The development of reproductive system went through three stages: natural family planning, obligatory reproduction and reproductive rights stage. In china, the reproductive right is stipulated by the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women, the Constitution, the Marriage Law, and the Law on Population and Family Planning, among which the reproduc
