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1、河北大学 硕士学位论文 从异化角度解读杰克伦敦的白牙 姓名：李静 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：英语语言文学 指导教师：张金霞 20100501 摘 要 I II II I 摘 要 杰克伦敦是美国二十世纪初最著名的作家之一，同时也是那个时代最受欢迎的作 家。他的小说多以他的个人生活经历为背景，内容真实自然。 白牙是其众多作品中较 有影响的一部。作品描写“白牙”在荒野之中抗争以及由狼变成狗的转变过程。小说展 示了作家对人类生存现实的思考和对文明的呼唤。到目前为止，我国对于伦敦这部小说 的研究大多是对其内容、主题、写作风格的介绍及写作方法的评议，也有一部分批评家 从自然主义的角度来解读这部小说，分析研
2、究了环境和遗传对动物的影响。 异化思想在二十世纪的文学作品中普遍存在，主要表现为人性被物质扭曲，人的本 质开始丧失。马克思认为，在异化中，人丧失能动性，人的个性不能全面发展，只能片 面甚至畸形发展。在白牙中， “白牙”的本性是狼，但最终由狼变成狗的经历，是被 人类“工具化”的过程，是一种违背其本性的“异化” 。狼作为一个物种，如何保持其本 性比个体的生存更为重要。然而在追求生存的过程中， “白牙”离开了荒野，它身上的狗 性占了上风。 “狗性”战胜了“狼性” ， “白牙”从狼到狗的转化是一个异化过程。就像人 类的由于试图求得生存而发生异化一样， “白牙”的异化是一种悲剧。 杰克伦敦作为一个社会人
3、不可避免地受到了异化思想的影响。这种影响在白牙 这部作品中有很深的体现。文章主体部分由四章组成。第一章介绍了异化的含义，及其 在文学作品中的应用。第二章分析了主人公本能的异化在这部作品中的体现。第三章阐 述了主人公心理的异化在这部作品中的反映。第四章论述了主人公在不同的环境中的异 化行为在这部作品中的反映。最后总结异化思想在杰克伦敦的这部作品白牙中的 反映，并进一步说明研究这部作品中异化思想的意义。本文通过对该小说的异化人物及 异化行为的分析，旨在解读“白牙”由狼变成狗，意味着由野性到“文明”转变的异化 主题。 关键词 异化 本性 心理 环境 Abstract I I Abstract Jac
4、k London is one of the most famous American writers of the early twentieth century and is the most popular writer of that era. His novels are mostly based on his personal life experiences, and the contents of his novels are true and natural. White Fang possesses a strong influence among his many wor
5、ks. The novel describes the White Fangs struggle in the wildness and the process of his transformation from a wolf to a domesticated dog. The novel demonstrates the writers thought of the reality of human existence and the writers call of civilization. But so far, most researches of this work are on
6、 its content, themes, and the writing style. There are also some critics who interpret the novel from the naturalistic point of view, studying the environment and genetic effects on animals. The concept of alienation is prevalent in the literary works of the twentieth century. The concept has manife
7、sted itself mainly in the loss of human nature and the distorted human nature. Marx believes that in the process of alienation, people lose their initiatives and the human personality can not develop completely but only can develop one-sidedly and even lopsidedly. In White Fang, White Fang is a wolf
8、 by nature. However, in the end, the experience of his changing into a dog from a wolf is a process of being tooled by human being, which is understood as the alienation against his nature. For a wolf, as a species, how to maintain its instinct is more important than its survival. However, in the pr
9、ocess of the pursuit of survival, White Fang goes away from the wild, so the dog instincts get the upper hand. Dog instincts conquer wolf instincts. White Fangs transformation from a wolf to a domesticated dog is a process of alienation just as the alienation of human beings when they try to survive
10、. White Fangs alienation is a tragedy. As a social man in the society, Jack London is influenced by the concept of alienation inevitably,which is reflected in White fang. The main part of the thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter describes the definition of alienation and its applicati
11、on in literature. The second chapter analyzes the protagonists nature alienation reflected in this work. The third chapter elaborates the protagonists psyche alienation reflected in the work. The fourth chapter expounds the protagonists alienation behavior under different circumstances reflected in
12、the work. At last, the thesis summarizes the reflection of alienation in Jack Londons work, White Fang, and further explains the significance of studying the alienation of this work. This Abstract I II I thesis attempts to analyze the alienation of the character and the alienation of behavior in the
13、 novel to reveal the theme of alienationWhite Fangs change from a wolf into a dog suggests his transformation from the wild to “civilization”. Key words alienation nature psyche environment Introduction 1 1 Introduction Jack London (1876-1916), a well-known American novelist, whose life symbolized t
14、he power of will, was the most successful writer in America in the early 20th Century. His stories of men and animals against the environment, and his many stories of survival against hardships are drawn mainly from his own experience. Jack London was born on January 12th, 1876, in San Francisco. He
15、 remained in school only through the eighth grade but was a voracious reader and a frequent visitor to the Oakland Public Library, where he went about educating himself and laying the groundwork for his forthcoming literary career. In 1897 the Klondike gold rush had begun, and London left college to
16、 seek his fortune in the snowy north. The gold rush did not make London rich, but it furnished him with plenty of material for his career as a writer, which began in the late 1890s and continued until his death in 1916. London expressed, “It was in the Klondike I found myself. There nobody talks. Everyone thinks. You get your true perspective. I got mine”.1 He worked
