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1、Hygiene - Introduction ENVR 890 Mark D. Sobsey Spring, 2007 卫浴网 Hygiene Promotion: One of the Big Five to Reduce Diarrheal Disease Hygiene: The Importance and Impact of Handwashing Handwashing with soap and water after contact with fecal material can reduce diarrheal diseases by 42% or more Curtis,
2、V and S. Cairncross (2003) Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 May;3(5):275-81. Washing Hands One of the most effective behaviors to prevent diarrhoea, roundworm and whipworm. Rarely done at the most crucial times and rar
3、ely done most effectively (with soap). (Is soap really needed?) Hands get most dangerously contaminated fron human faces and soil (possibly containing worm eggs). Crucial times for handwashing to reduce transmissions are: after defecation and after contact with childrens faeces before handling food
4、and after handling high risk food such as raw meat before eating and before feeding children before handling water. Effective handwashing requires thorough rubbing of the hands while using soap and sufficient water to rinse it off. If soap is not available, ash or earth is nearly as effective Water
5、alone is effective, especially of water is clean Cleaning fingernails Closely related to handwashing. Handwashing does not ensure fingernails get cleaned Clean fingernails are particularly important when food is consumed or fed to infants using fingers Clean fingernails have an aesthetic value Handw
6、ashing and cleaning fingernails also play a role in the prevention of eye and skin infections, such as scabies. When wiping infected eyes or scratching itching infected skin, bacteria or mites can settle on fingers and hence be transmitted. Keeping fingernails clean requires them to be kept short an
7、d brushed regularly. Washing the body (bathing) Important for preventing skin infections like scabies (caused by small mites living under the skin), and ringworm (a fungal infection). Also louse-borne typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever are controlled with regular washing of the body and clothes.
8、 Washing is best done using running water and soap Special attention needs to go to folds of the skin as well as to skin between fingers and toes. Washing the face Has an important role in the prevention of eye- infections Hygiene related eye infections are conjunctivitis and trachoma More frequent
9、washing of the face and few flies sitting on eyes reduces the incidence of trachoma Washing the face regularly removes infectious discharge from the eyes. This prevents flies from being attracted to the infected eyes, thus becoming transmission agents. Removing eye discharge using bare fingers or a
10、cloth, causes bacteria to be picked up on the fingers or cloth and transmitted to anything else that they touch. Washing clothes and bedding Major preventive measures to reduce transmission of scabies and louse-borne typhus and relapsing fever. Touching clothes or bedclothes of a person infected wit
11、h scabies or ringworm can easily cause spread and further infection of others Lice, which may spread typhus or relapsing fever, hide in seams of clothes and bedclothes Washing removes them Communal use of clothes and bedclothes should be avoided Introduction and Issues The most important lesson lear
12、ned from water and sanitation programmes: water and sanitation facilities on their own do not result in improved health. Access to improved facilities is crucial, but Correct use of water and sanitation facilities is what leads to a reduction in disease Correct use requires personal, community and i
13、nstitutional actions actions depend on behaviors Hygiene and Behavior Hygiene is a key factor in reducing risk of diarrheal and other sanitation-related diseases People and communities can protect themselves from diarrhea and other infectious diseases they make changes in hygiene behavior Making beh
14、avior changes requires actions These behavior change actions will occur only if people are informed They need information about how and why certain personal and community behaviors will reduce disease transmission risks They need encouragement to make positive changes in their hygiene behavior. Hygi
15、ene education is essential to achieve hygiene behavior change. UNICEF Hygiene Improvement Framework Access to Facilities Implement and promote a package of appropriate, low-cost sanitation, water and hand washing facilities Introduce basic technologies that may be upgraded when families and communities can afford to do so Hygiene Awareness and Promotion Focus on behavior change by communicating key hygiene practices like hand washing. Encourage children, youth and mothers to be agents of change in their families and communities Implement through initiatives such as lifeskills training pr
