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1、? 北京天梯志鸿教育科技有限责任公司 2015-2017 年高考英语分项解析精编版专题年高考英语分项解析精编版专题 16 科普类说明文 2017 高考题 科普知识类 2017 北京卷 D Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good
2、at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well- known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be q
3、uite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in- born, nor is it something in
4、troduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even kill
5、ing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a
6、match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent
7、 a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not 2 easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem shoul
8、d not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too st
9、upid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on Septembe
10、r 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron- induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 67Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _ Arun out of human control Bsatisfy humans real desires Ccommand armies of killer robots Dwork faster than a mathematician 68Machines with spe
11、cific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to _ Aprevent themselves from being destroyed Bachieve their original goals independently Cdo anything successfully with given orders Dbeat humans in international chess matches 69According to some researchers, we can
12、 use firewalls to _ Ahelp super intelligent machines work better Bbe secure against evil human beings Ckeep machines from being harmed Davoid robots affecting the world 70What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? AIt will disappear with the development of AI. BI
13、t will get worse with human interference. CIt will be solved but with difficulty. 3 DIt will stay for a decade. 【文章大意】 本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能 (AI)可能会超出 人类的控制。 67A 段落大意题。第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是 我们真正想要的”。因此选 A。 【名师点睛】 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依 存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要
14、求在理解 表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文 章中的文字信息、 上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息， 推断出作者没有直接 表达的态度和观点。 推理判断题的解题方法 ： 推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系， 结合自己 的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵 义。 任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的， 读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。 推 理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到， 因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文， 在文章中寻找 并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分
15、推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分推理的结论，切 忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。 2017 江苏卷 B Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently report
16、ed in The Auk：Ornithological 4 Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New- born chicks can then imitate their mums call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleag
