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1、Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator applic
2、ation began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this
3、 robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set
4、 for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standa
5、rds. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of ind
6、ustrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of autom
7、ation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didnt opp
8、ortunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm r
9、esearch began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic ar
10、m spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like wel
11、ding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand1K410
12、000 市政公用工程技术1K411000城镇道路工程1K410000城镇道路工程结构与材料复习要点 1城镇道路分类与分级2沥青路面结构组成特点3水泥混凝土路面构造特点4沥青混合料结构组成与材料5沥青路面材料的再生应用（一）单项选择题1城镇道路分类方法有多种形式，无论如何分类，主要是满足道路的( )功能。A服务 B交通运输C生活 D货运2城市道路工程设计规范CJJ 372012规定：以道路在城市路网中的地位、交通功能为基础，同时也考虑对沿线的服务功能，将城镇道路分为( )个等级。A2B3C4 D53城镇道路路面按力学特性分类可分为刚性路面和( )。A弹性路面 B柔性路面C塑性路面 D脆性路面4刚
13、性路面主要代表是水泥混凝土路面，其破坏主要取决于( )。A极限垂直变形 B极限弯拉应变C极限弯拉强度 D极限剪切变形形5柔性路面主要代表是沥青类路面，其破坏主要取决于( )和极限垂直变形。A剪切变形 B抗剪强度C弯拉强度 D弯拉应变6由于行车载荷和自然因素对路面的影响随深度的增加而逐渐减弱，故对道路各结构层材料的回弹模量要求应自上而下( )。A递减 B递加C相同 D交替变化7基层材料应根据道路交通等级和路基( )来选择。A承载能力 B抗冲刷能力C变形协调能力 D抗弯能力8基层是路面结构中的承重层，应控制或减少路基不均匀冻胀或沉降变形对面层产生的不利影响，同时应有足够的( )。A水稳定性 B抗剪
14、强度C不透水性 D平整度9路面必须满足设计年限的使用需要，具有足够( )破坏和塑性变形的能力。A抗冲刷 B抗冲击C抗疲劳 D抗剪切10沥青路面必须保持较高的稳定性，“稳定性”含义之一是指( )。A路基整体稳定性 B路面抗压缩破坏能力C路基抗变形能力 D具有较低温度11水泥混凝土路面是由路基、垫层、( )、面层组成。A底层 B中间层C基层 D顶层12水泥混凝土道路应设置垫层，垫层中加设半刚性垫层的主要作用是( )。A提高路基承载力 B防止路基不均匀沉降C提高路基稳定性 D减小路基沉降13在温度和湿度状况不良的环境下，城市水泥混凝土道路应设置垫层，以改善路面结构的使用性能。以下关于垫层说法错误的是
15、( )。A防冻垫层宜采用砂、砂砾等颗粒材料B排水垫层宜采用砂、砂砾等颗粒材料C半刚性垫层宜采用砂、砂砾等颗粒材料D半刚性垫层宜采用无机结合料14水泥混凝土路面工程中，基层材料的选用原则，以下说法错误的是( )。A特重交通道路宜选用碾压混凝土或沥青混凝土B重交通道路宜选用水泥稳定粒料C中等交通道路宜选择沥青稳定碎石D轻交通道路宜选择石灰粉煤灰稳定粒料或级配粒料15沥青混合料是一种复合材料，由不同质量和数量的材料混合形成不同的结构，具有不同的( )性质。A化学 B数学C力学 DA+C16沥青混合料按材料组成及结构划分可分为( )与间断级配混合料。A连续级配 B半开级配C开级配 D密级配17沥青混合料的结构类型可分为两类，即按( )原则构成和按密实级配原则构成的结构。A填充 B粘结C嵌挤 D空隙18沥青混合料结构组成中，密实一悬浮结构的特点是
