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1、1.Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.难句类型：复杂句
2、子结构+大量生僻名词本句比较长，理解起来比较有难度，因为句子结构有些复杂，同时夹杂着众多的生僻名词。如果一个句子里有超过5个单词不认识或者不熟悉，对我们的阅读都会构成一定的影响。这句话是一个表示对比关系的复合句，主句和从句都各有一个状语来修饰，表明条件的变化；然后说明在两种不同条件下植被的构成发生了变化。整句的主干结构是这样的：adjacent to timberline, the tundra consists of shrubs and grasses and so on, while rise up, the species and diversities will decrease.
3、同学们只要能读出来这句话的核心意思是“靠近林木线的土地上到处覆盖着灌木和草，而海拔高度提高的时候，物种减少直到出现大片的荒地”就可以了。timberline: n. 林木线（树木生长的极限海拔高度） timber + line tundra: n.冻原，苔原 moss ： n. 苔藓， lichen n. 地衣， prostrate：adj. 俯倒，拜倒cushion ：n. 垫子，垫状物译文：由于紧挨着林木线，苔原上比较完整地覆盖着矮灌木、药材和草地。随着海拔的增加物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少，直到出现大片的空地，这些空地仅仅伴有零星的苔藓和地衣或者一些伏地植物。意群训练：Immediate
4、ly adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.2.In order for the
5、structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically.难句类型：复杂状语+复杂句子结构+插入成分+不明显的倒装+
6、抽象名词虽然表面看来这个句子没有什么生词，但是这个句子理解起来并不容易，因为这个句子中出现的单词都是比较抽象的单词，例如structure, achieve, size, strength, purpose, method, 所以读句子的时候让人觉得不舒服。句子开头就是一个目的状语，但是这个状语很长，让同学们搞不清楚谁是为了实现谁。主句结构是architecture employs methods of support，但是随后作者又用that引导了一个定语从句来修饰method,并且在定语从句一开始，that后面直接用because引导了一个插入的句子，割裂了定语从句。所以完整的复合句是这样
7、的：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them，到此处作者仍不肯收手，用even while引导了最后一个从句和定语从句做对比。于是整个句子的结构就变的十分混乱了。实际上because they are based on physical laws在句子中位置稍作调整，同学们就可以比较清楚的理解这句话了：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little sinc
8、e people first discovered them, because they are based on physical laws. 所以本句意思是“建筑学上采用了一些支撑的方法，这些支撑的方法自它们被人类发现以来就鲜有变化，因为它们是建立在物理定律上的”。作者隐含的意思是物理定律不变，所以这些方法不变。译文：建筑结构必须达到大小和强度的要求，以实现必要的建筑目的，因此建筑学上采用一些支撑的方法，这些方法都是以物理定律为基础的，尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，这些支撑的方法却自人们发现它们以来就鲜有变化。意群训练In order for the structure to ac
9、hieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically.3.There are two principal influences that sh
10、ape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.难句类型：并列句做主语从句+插入成分本句的主句结构是一个there be结构，句子的主语应该是 two principal influences，主句的意思是“两个主要的影响决定了地形”，后面的标点符号用冒号，表示冒号后面使用并列句对主语进行具体
11、解释，并在每个并列的分句中都插入了一个定语从句。省略掉两个并列分句中的由which引导的定语从句，并列句应当如下: There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, and destructive forces such as erosion. 在并列结构中两次对称地插入了定语从句，把一个好好的句子弄得四分五裂，虽然作者的逻辑思路是清晰的，但是对同学的阅读造成了不利的影响。此类型的句子在托福阅读中出现的频率很高，同学们要多练，习惯了这种句子就会发现理
12、解它们并不难。译文：主要有两种影响会改变地形：建设性的过程，如产生新的地表特征的地壳隆起；和破坏性的力量，如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。意群训练：There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.4.The sa
13、me thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slop
14、e.难句类型：复杂修饰+插入成分本句的主句结构很简单the same thing happens,但是作者为了说明是什么同样的事情发生而大费周章，though on a smaller scale做插入成分，说明现在是在更小的规模上发生同样的事情，如果跳过这段插入成分，主句和从句连在一起读就是The same thing happens to this day, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land. 到此处句子并不难理解，但是作者用动
15、名词构成的短语dropping its load as the current slows来修饰从句，表示伴随发生的动作。并在状语结束的时候用冒号，引出了一个句子来解释从句。译文：现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带泥沙的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀；水流通常呈扇形扩散，它们所携带的砂石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜坡。意群训练The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.5.Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited
