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1、Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter1 Introduction lLearning Objectives 2 l1.1 Historical Perspective 2 l1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 l1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4 l1.4 Classification of Materials 5 l1.5 Advanced Materials 6 l1.6 Modern Materials
2、 Needs 6 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 汉语翻译成英文汉语翻译成英文 l材料科学 l材料工程 l金属材料 l非金属材料 l陶瓷材料 l高分子材料 l复合材料 l生物材料 l半导体材料 l先进材料 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phrasesWords and phrases lDeep-seated: close/intimate 紧密的 lVirtually: practically/in fact/nearly/as goo
3、d as/in effect/in essence实际上地 lEvery segment of our everyday lives:日常生活的 每个方面 lSegment: section/division/part/piece部分、片 lManipulate: control/employ控制、使用 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDesignate: define/denote/label/ name 标记、命名 lAccess to): approach 途径 lPottery: pots/dishes or oth
4、er items made from clay and fired in a kiln (oven) 陶器 lAlter: change 改变 lUtilization: application /use 应用、 用途 lEmpower: control 驾驭、控制 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phrasesWords and phrases lCharacteristic: peculiarity, feature/trait/attribute/property特质 lEvolve: produce
5、 生产 lComplex: sophisticated 复杂的 lContemporary：Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else. Modern/belonging to the present time 同时代的 lNebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱两可的 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lR
6、elated to: be concerned with 相关的 lEncompass：to completely cover or surround sth.覆盖或 环绕 lRealm：territroy/monarchy/ zone/domain/region /kingdom/area/branch 区域 lAgglomerate：melt 团聚、成块-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Vocabulary
7、 Contemporary 当代 Stimulus 激励，刺激 Opaque 不透明 Translucent 半透明 Transparent 透明 Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的 Existence 存在, 实在, 生活, 存在物, 实在物 Sophisticated 复杂的 Forerunner 先驱(者), 传令官, 预兆 Intimately 密切地 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lElaboration 解释，阐述 lStepwise楼梯式的, 逐步的 lRecreation 消遣, 娱乐 lsegmen
8、t段, 节, 片断 lDeteriorative 恶化，变质， Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lEvoke 引起，唤起 lInterdisciplinary 交叉学科 lMetallurgy 冶金 lNebulous 模糊的，云雾状的 lAgglomerate 团聚，大块 lDielectric current 介电常数 lThermal conductivity 热传导 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHeat capacity 热容 lRefracti
9、on 折射，衍射 lDuctility 延展性 lOverriding 最重要的 lProhibitive 抑制 lJudicious 明智的 lcriterion 准则 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.1 Historical perspective (观察，透视) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根 深蒂固的, 深层的) in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing,
10、communication, recreation（娱乐）, and food productionvirtually（事实上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度 地） by materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHistorically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（密切地
11、） tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate （使用）materials to fill their needs. lIn fact, early civilizations have been designated（ 命名） by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Stone age iron age
12、 Steel age Advanced materials age bronze age Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘土）, skins, and so on. lWith time they discovered techniques for producing materia
13、ls that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery （陶 器） and various metals. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFurthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered （改变）by heat treatments and by the addition
14、 of other substances. lAt this point, materials utilization（利用） was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of （ 凭借）its characteristics（特性）. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineerin
15、g It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能够） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of
16、 materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出现）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. lThese include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 ye
