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1、Lecture 1Lecture 1 Invitations toInvitations to LinguisticsLinguistics 马马云：德国汉诺汉诺 威博览览会英文演讲讲 0 12岁华裔女孩TED演讲：大人该做什么(双语) 09/103580192.shtml schools kill creativity 10肢体语言塑造你自己 07/1909976.html Guided questionsGuided questions 1. What is language? 2. What are the features of language? 3. What are the fu
2、nctions of language? 4. How are linguistic studies done? Guided ReadingGuided Reading Reflecting on language The definition and nature of language Design features of language 如何把语言的定义和特征一一对应起来？ Knowing linguistics Definition and scope/branches of linguistics Basic concepts in linguistics New develop
3、ment in linguistics Teaching objectives (1-4) Students reports Metafunctions (元功能)补充内容 Several concepts of linguistic study Questions for reflectionsQuestions for reflections 1. Can you find examples to illustrate the role/functions of language in daily life? 分析春晚语言类节目的语言特色以及功能 2. How do you define
4、language? Do you agree with the definition provided in textbook? 3. What do you think is the origin of language? 4. Not only are many languages dying today, many dialects are also disappearing from the planet. Many parents discourage their children from speaking their local dialect. Do you think tha
5、t someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday dialect will cease to exist? 5. Comments on the view that “Language is human specific”. 一般功能： 语言之于社会生活的，即语言能干什么？ 具体的功能。 纯理功能（元功能）： 语言之于语言的，即语言本身有什么样的结构、系统、词汇语法、 语音可以帮助语言本身完成它的功能？理性的、抽象的功能 三个纯理功能在任意一个语言现象中是同时起作用的。 关 系： 语言完成的
6、社会功能是千变万化的，具有无限的可能性，但我们可 以把它们归纳为若干个有限的抽象的功能，这就是“纯理功能”或“元 功能”这是种种语言用途所固有的。 任何一个句子，不管它表达的是什么一般功能，都可以用三个纯理 功能来阐释。 General functionsGeneral functions metafunctionsmetafunctions The Functions of LanguageThe Functions of Language Two types of functions: General functions: the particular individual uses of
7、 language, i.e. the specific functions are separate and independent of each other. Metafunctions: the larger more general purposes underlying language use. Every sentence is multifunctional and has three metafunctions simultaneously. Questions Questions Is the list of functions exhaustive? Is it pos
8、sible that one sentence has more than one function? Language is powerful, but improper use of language also brings people trouble wMTk.html http:/v.pps.tv/play_34KLV5.html TASKTASK Work in groups to discuss the functions of “Language” 下面是关于metafunction的补充内容 纯理功能（元功能）的概念是M. A. K Halliday的“系统功能语法”(Sys
9、temic- Functional Grammar) 的重要概念之一 。想知道Halliday 的功能思想是怎么来 读，这可是个很理论的问题，感兴趣的 同学看这里 下面我来简单介绍一下“系统功能语法” Metafunctions of Language (4)Metafunctions of Language (4) Halliday: A metafunction (元功能、纯 理功能) is one which is capable of describing one or more other functions. Three metafunctions: Ideational Func
10、tion Interpersonal Function Textual Function 系统功能语法（语言的社会性）系统功能语法（语言的社会性） 系统功能语法是语言研究发展史上产生重大 影响的理论，最初是由伦敦大学的 Halliday （ 韩礼德）发展起来的，作为该语言理论的先 驱，特别是 Firth 语言研究的继续。而在 Firth 之前，作为人类学家的 Malinowski 从人类学 的观点对早期现代语言学的发展做出了重要的贡 献。他的 “意义是语境中的功能”的观点被 Firth 和 Malinowski继承了下来。 系统功能语法中元功能系统功能语法中元功能 语言的性质决定人们对语 言的
11、要求,即语言所必须完成的功能。韩礼德把千 变万化的功能归纳为三个抽象的“纯理功能”或 “元功能”。(1)概念功能。经验功能指语言是对存在于主客 观世界的过程和事物的反映。另外,语言中还有逻辑 功能,以语言的并列关系和从属关系的线性循环结 构形式出现。二者就是韩氏所统称的“概念功能”。 (2)人际功能是反映人与人之间的关系,如对话轮 次的选择规则,对事物的可能性和出现频率表示自 己的判断和估测,表明人们之间的社会地位和亲疏 关系。(3)语篇功能是人们通过把词或句组成语篇 (口头或书面)来表达完整的思想。 韩礼德认为三个纯理功能是三位一体的,不存在主次之分。 在韩礼德提出的三大功能系统中,概念功能
12、涉及及物性、 语态和作格性,人际功能主要涉及语气系统、情态系统和 语调等,语篇功能主要涉及主位结构、信息结构,表现为完 整性、一致性和衔接性。 三大功能在韩氏看来是在同一句子中同时体现,具有同等 重要的地位。 Halliday所说的概念功能和人际功能是人类通过语言来反 映客观现实和主观现实,或者说是外部世界和内部世界,因 此反映的都是语言之外的现象。 而语篇功能则是语言本身所具有的一种“使成为可能 ”(enabling)的功能,也就是说,使概念功能和人际功能能够 通过语言得以实现的功能。 More about Functional Grammar 怎么样？现在我 们来看看英语解 释吧 1.1.
13、 Ideational Function( Ideational Function(概念功能概念功能 ) ) ideational function: the content function of language and allows us to conceptualise the world for our own benefit and that of others.是人的主观经 验和客观经验。 -experiential function: includes information concerning the context, participants and the relati
14、onship between them, etc. -logical function: provides information relating to how sentences are organized, such as conjunction, transition, cause-effect and condition. e.g. Do you think (that) life in Hangzhou is wonderful? 2. Interpersonal Function (2. Interpersonal Function (人际功能人际功能 ) ) interpers
15、onal functions: concerns with the relationship between the speaker and other people or things.用语言表达社会关系和私人关系的功能。 According to Halliday, the interpersonal component represents the speakers meaning potential as an intruder. 它包括讲话人进入语言情景的形式。The interpersonal function expresses the role relationship ass
16、ociated with the situation. Interpersonal: speech-function, exchange structure, involvement and detachment, personal reference, use of pronouns, “interactive items“ showing the position of the speaker (just, whatever, basically, slightly), discourse markers (words that moderate/monitor the interaction, e.g., well, might, good, so, anyway) A spoken cor
