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1、E-CTranslationTheoriesandPracticeE-CTranslationTheoriesandPractice英汉翻译理论与实践英汉翻译理论与实践重庆工商大学外语学院Unit1GeneralPrinciplesBabel(巴别塔)theOldTestamentTheTowerofBabelorBabylon:atowerwhosetopmayreachuntoheaven”ThestorytakesplaceafterthefloodthatdestroyedallbutNoahandhisfamily.Theworldwasstillunitedbylanguagean
2、dprobablytradition.“Andthewholeearthwasofonelanguageandofonespeech.”(Genesis11:1)(创世纪)Those(Sumerian:闪族人)wholivedintheregionofShinar(希纳尔)(Sumer(苏美尔)inancientBabylonia)“saidonetoanotherGotoletusbuildusacityandatowerwhosetopmayreachuntoheavenandletusmakeusanamelestwebescatteredabroaduponthefaceofthewh
3、oleearth.”(Genesis11:3-4)Godtookaction.“Gotoletusgodownandthereconfound(使困惑)theirlanguagethattheymaynotunderstandoneanothersspeech.”(Genesis11:7)“SotheLORDscatteredthemabroadfromthence(从那里)uponthefaceofalltheearth:andtheyleftofftobuildthecity.”(Genesis11:8)causedGodtoconfoundthelanguageofpeoplegivin
4、gthemeachanewtongue.Andfromthenontranslationbecomesbothnecessaryandimpossible.寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。（李清照：声声慢）IlookforwhatImissIknownotwhatitis.IfeelsosadsodrearSolonelywithoutcheer.(许渊冲译)Poemiswhatislostintranslation.Poemiswhatislostintranslation.琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上。魑魅魍魉，四小鬼鬼鬼犯边。Itisdifficultandevenimpossibleto
5、translateItisdifficultandevenimpossibletotranslatesuchculturalitems.suchculturalitems.TranslationisthemostcomplicatedhumanTranslationisthemostcomplicatedhumanactivity.activity.超经典中式英语：HowareyouHowoldareyou怎么是你，怎么老是你？好好學習，天天向上！Goodgoodstudydaydayup!不三不四nothreenofour人山人海peoplemountainpeoplesea你問我，我去問誰
6、？youaskmeIaskwho心花怒放heartflowerangryopenStudyhardandmakeprogresseverydayneitherfishnorfowlneitherassnorhorsehugecrowdsofpeopleaseaoffacesbewildwithjoySometermsconcerned:Translating:theprocess(totranslatetheactivityratherthanthetangibleobject)ATranslation:theproductoftheprocessoftranslating(i.e.thetr
7、anslatedtext):Translation:theabstractconceptwhichencompassesboththeprocessoftranslatingandtheproductofthatprocess.(TranslationandTranslating:TheoryandPracticeR.T.Bell1991.P13)I.什么是翻译II.视角各异的翻译观III.翻译的标准IV.翻译的过程V.翻译工作者应具备的必要条件VI.基本翻译策略I.什么是翻译？翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，1949）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达
8、的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，1997）翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。（许钧，2003）Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).(Catford1965)翻译的定义也可以这样说：把一种语言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（TL
9、）中的篇章材料来加以代替。（卡特福德）(ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation1965)Translationconsistsinreproducinginreceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguagefirstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida)（翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。）（奈达）Thisdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms:(1
10、)equivalencewhichpointstowardthesourcelanguage(2)naturalwhichpointstowardthereceptorlanguage(3)closestwhichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.(TowardaScienceofTranslation1964)美国著名语言学家雅各布森（RomanJakobson18961982）从符号学的观点出发，把翻译分为三类：语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。1、语内翻译（intralingu
11、altranslation）语内翻译是同一语言内部的翻译。方言与民族共同语、方言与方言、古代语与现代语之间的转换就是语内翻译。英语学习中解释疑难句子常常用到的paraphrase其实也是一种语内翻译。例1余闻而愈悲。孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也。”吾尝疑乎是，今以蒋氏观之，犹信。（捕蛇者说柳宗元）我听了（这些话）更加感到悲伤。孔子说：“苛酷的统治比猛虎还要凶啊！”我曾经怀疑这句话，现在从姓蒋的遭遇看来，这是可信的。例2Radiatingfromtheearthheatcausesaircurrentstorise.=Heatcausesaircurrentstorisewhenitisradiati
12、ngfromtheearth.热量由地球辐射出来，使得气流上升。2、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)语际翻译是两种语言间的翻译，如英译汉、汉译英等。这是人们通常所谓的翻译，即狭义的翻译。例3Hercriticismswereenoughtomakeanyoneseered.她那些批评任谁都得火冒三丈。3、符际翻译（intersemiotictranslation）语言与非语言符号或非语言符号间的翻译，如语言与手势语间的翻译、英语与计算机代码间的翻译、手势语与旗语间的翻译等都属于符际翻译。例4S=vt，即:路程等于速度乘以时间。II.视角各异的翻译观Beingahuma
13、nactivitytranslationisfarmorecomplicatedthanwhatpeopleusuallythink.Scholarsmakeeffortstodefineitfromvariousperspectives:linguisticliteraryculturalfunctionalsemanticcommunicativedeconstructiveHerewearetohaveabriefdiscussionaboutthelinguisticliteraryculturalfunctionalviews.Linguisticviewsontranslation
14、Translationtheoristsfromthelinguisticschoolconceiveoftranslationasalinguisticactivityandsomebelievethattranslationtheoryisabranchoflinguistics.Theyapproachtheissueoftranslatingprimarilyfromtheviewpointofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthesourceandtargettexts.LiteraryviewsontranslationTranslatorswhoho
15、ldthisviewbelievethattranslationisanartisticreceptionorarecreatedart.语言是塑造文学形象的工具，因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学语言的特征，诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩，还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等，都是作家根据塑造形象的需要，从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的，翻译要保存原作风格特点，因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、词情并茂。（方梦之，2004：292）Culturalviewsontranslati
16、onIntheculturalapproachtranslationisregardednotonlyasatransferoflinguisticsignsbutalsoasacommunicationofculturesi.e.translationisas“interculturalcommunication”.Koller:Atranslatorwhousesaculturalapproachissimplyrecognizingthateachlanguagecontainselementswhicharederivedfromitsculture(suchasgreetingsfixedexpressionsandREALIA)thateverytextisanchoredinaspecificcultureandthatconventionsoftextproductionandreceptionvaryfromculturetoculture.(Shuttleworth&Cowie2004:35)Fortrulysucces
