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1、广西师范大学 硕士学位论文 苏格拉底哲学及其意义 姓名：吴爱孙 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：马克思主义哲学 指导教师：李恩来 20070401 I 苏格拉底哲学及其意义 苏格拉底哲学及其意义 研究生：吴爱孙 学科专业 ：马克思主义哲学 导 师：李恩来 研究方向：西方哲学与文化研究 年 级：2004 中 文 摘 要 苏格拉底是西方哲学史上的一个重要人物，其哲学对整个西方哲学产生了深远的影 响。苏格拉底哲学是值得研究的。国内外学者对苏格拉底的研究或注重史料的甄别，或感 兴趣于其献身哲学事业的壮举。本文在参阅前人大量研究成果的基础上，以马克思主义为 理论基点，围绕贯穿于苏格拉底哲学的“理性”和“善”两
2、个基本原则，展开对苏格拉底 哲学思想的系统论述，并尝试性的探索了苏格拉底哲学对对解决现代所面临的某些问题的 借鉴意义。本论文由以下五个部分组成： 第一部分： 哲学的人学变革从天上到人间。 主要论述了苏格拉底哲学的变革意义。 首先，介绍了早期自然哲学及其基本特点，以便了解苏格拉底哲学产生的理论背景；其次， 阐述苏格拉底对早期自然哲学的基本态度，说明他是如何对早期自然哲学进行批判的；第 三，由上述二者过渡到苏格拉底的哲学变革，即哲学不应该将其研究对象局限于“自然” ， 而要研究“自我” ，哲学的主要任务在于“认识你自己” 。认识自己首先要承认自己的无知， 由无知才能获得真知，认识到人的本质在于灵魂
3、，认识自己就是认识人的灵魂，认识灵魂 并不是认识灵魂中的其他部分，而是认识灵魂中的理性部分。 第二部分：哲学的上升之路从个别到一般。本部分主要是对苏格拉底哲学“认识 你自己”的“理性”原则的具体展开。从苏格拉底的对话中概括出“什么是X”的问题即 对定义的探讨， 指出这是苏格拉底对哲学的一大贡献， 然后具体介绍了苏格拉底去蔽除障、 获得真知的方法即对话的辩证法，在此基础上说明了苏格拉底由具体的个别如何上升到抽 象的一般直至“理念” ，最后比较了苏格拉底的“理念”与柏拉图的“理念”的异同，得 出苏格拉底是理念论的奠基者的结论。 第三部分：道德的形而上学从理念到善。系统地阐述了苏格拉底的道德哲学。首
4、 先说明了苏格拉底的“理念”是对具体的个别的抽象概括，是苏格拉底所寻求的知识；其 次，阐释了苏格拉底哲学的两个基本命题： “知识即美德”与“美德即知识” ，并引申出其 道德学说的两个结论： “无人故意为恶”与“无知即恶” ，说明苏格拉底是如何将知识的真 与道德的善统一起来的；最后，从不同的角度对苏格拉底哲学的最高存在“善”作了尝试 性的诠释。 第四部分：哲学的践行从生到死。论述了苏格拉底是自己哲学的忠实的实践者， II 他的哲学原则，也是他的生活原则。从履行雅典的“牛虻”的使命以哲学作为自己终生的 事业， 到由于自己所从事的这一事业而引起雅典公民的仇恨而被审， 直至最后的坦然赴死， 成为哲学的
5、殉道者，说明苏格拉底的哲学体现在他的生活中，他的生活就是他的哲学。 第五部分：哲学的意义从苏格拉底到现代。首先简要地论述了苏格拉底哲学对古 希腊哲学、对以后整个西方哲学乃至西方文明的影响，然后尝试性地阐述了苏格拉底哲学 在现代的理论意义和现实意义。 关键词 ：苏格拉底，理性，理念，善 III Socrates philosophy and itssignificance Abstract Graduate: wu Aisun Prefession: Marxist Philosophy Grade: 2004 Tutor : professor Li Enai Research: Wester
6、n Philosophy and Culture Reasearch Socrates is an important figure in the history of Western philosophy. His philosophy has had a far-reaching impact in the entire Western philosophy. Socratesphilosophy is worth studying. In the world, scholars study or pay attention to discriminate the history mate
7、rial , or are interested in his dedication to the cause of deeds .In this paper, Refering to the research results on the basis of the predecessors, I exposit systematicly the phillosophy of Socrates through on the two basic principles“rational“ and “goodwill“ based on marxism and I attempt to find a
8、 solution to some of the issues facing the modern intends to draw on. This paper consists of the following five parts: Part: Changes in the hunan theory of philosophyfrom the sky to the earth .I discussese chiefly the philosophical significance of the changes. First, I introduct the early of natural
9、 philosophy and its basic characteristics, in order to understand the philosophy of Socrates theoretical background; Second, I show the basic attitude of Socrates on early natural philosophy, to describe how he was critical to the early natural philosophy; Third, transition from the above two change
10、s to the philosophy of Socrates, Socrates thought that philosophy should not be confined to the study of “natural“ but “ego“ and the main task of philosophy is to “know thyself.“. The first admits that his understanding of his own ignorance, ignorance can have real knowledge, understanding of human
11、nature is the soul, understanding of their understanding of a persons soul is understanding the soul does not recognize the other part of the soul but of a rational understanding of the soul. Part II : The rise of philosophyfrom the individual to the ordinary individual. Socratic philosophy was to “
12、know thyself“ and “rational“ principle specific start. From Socratic dialogue, summarized “What is X“ is the definition of the problem. I point out that this is a major contribution to the philosophy of Socrates, and then present that how Socrates uncovered obstacles was agreeing that the dialogue b
13、etween the dialectics of reality. On the basis of information, I ilustruate how the specific individual increased by up to the general abstract “idea“.Then I compare to the Socrates“idea” and Platos “idea“ of the similarities and differences , find out that Socrates is the founder of idea . IV Part
14、III: Metaphysics from the concept to good ethics. I exposit systematicly the moral philosophy of Socrates. I describe Socrates“idea” is an abstract general to the specific individual, and it is Socrates knowledge; Second, I explain the philosophy of Socrates two basic proposition: “knowledge is virt
15、ue“ and “virtue is knowledge.“ He derived his moral doctrine of two conclusions: “No one intentionally in society“ and “ignorance is evil“. The part explain the way how Socrates unitied the truth and the moral good; Finally, From a different perspective on the philosophy of Socrates, I presencee “go
16、odwill“ maximumly and made a tentative interpretation. Part IV: The practice of philosophy from birth to death .Socrates is the faithfull practicer of his philosophy , his philosophical principle is the principle of his life. Because his fullfilling Athens “Gadfly“ philosophy as his lifes mission , The Athens were engaged in the cause of hatred ,gave him a civil, sentenced his death finally. He become martyrs philosophy that embodies the
