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1、安徽大学 硕士学位论文 自由的言说-观察周刊公共舆论研究 姓名：程茂枝 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：传播学 指导教师：蒋含平 2010-06 III 摘摘 要 要 20 世纪 40 年代后期，自由主义知识分子的参政热情空前高涨。以储安平为 代表的一批自由主义知识分子， 以民间精英的身份在 观察 周刊 （以下简称 观 察 ）上议论国是、批评时政，形成了一个参政议政的舆论高潮。 别具一格的新闻、深刻犀利的言论、细致入微的服务以及多个层面的沟通互 动共同促成了观察公共舆论的形成，本文分为五章，力图对观察公共舆 论的构建方式及其精神特质进行较全面的分析和探讨。 第一章从宏观角度梳理了战后自由主义知识分子
2、政治参与的三种形态， 分析 了观察的精英定位及国家观念，考察了自由主义知识分子建立在文字往来基 础上的“阅读的共同体” 。在此基础上，得出自由主义知识分子主要通过塑造强 大的公共舆论影响现实的政治进程，进而实现其政治理想的结论。 第二章对“观察通信” 、 “读者投书” 、 “观察报告书”等栏目进行了全面的考 察。通过考察可以发现， 观察公共舆论的营造首先表现在其通过独特的新闻 报道来引导关注和讨论，而编者、作者和读者之间的互动沟通，也营造了一种就 共同关心的重大问题进行广泛讨论的氛围。 第三章重点考察了观察有意识组织的一些讨论及其对国内、国际时局的 观察和评价。这些讨论大多是自由主义知识分子关
3、于国家前途、自身地位以及重 大事件的主张和评论，在很大程度上表明了观察公共舆论的价值和特点；而 观察对于国际、国内事务的观察和评价也是有一套固定的机制的，这种评价 的机制既是自由主义者精神主张的表现形式，也从一个侧面反映了观察公共 舆论的精神特质。 第四章分析了观察公共舆论的生成主体及其与其他刊物的互动。在观 察公共舆论形成的过程中，储安平、 观察撰稿人和观察读者分别扮演 着掌控者、倡导者和响应者的角色。 观察舆论主要来自内部，而与其他刊物 的互动也表明其为营造一个健全的舆论而付出的努力。 第五章分析了观察公共舆论的特点、价值与影响。 观察舆论是一种 提倡“公开的陈述和批评”的理性而宽容的舆论
4、，它对于培养自由思想，促进民 主政治曾经发挥了重要的作用， 对于今天的媒体管理者和从业者仍具有相当的启 IV 示意义。 结语对整篇文章进行了总结性的概括:观察周刊对建构一个健全的公共 舆论的不懈追求是其成功的主要原因。 关键词： 关键词： 观察 自由主义知识分子 公共舆论 V Abstract In the late 1940s, the liberalism intellectuals were indulged in politics. In behalf of the liberalism intellectuals, Anping Chu, as a folk culture elit
5、e, discussed the national affairs and criticized the politics in the Observer Weekly (the Observer for short, a magazine founded by Anping Chu), which formed a climax of the participation in the administration and discussion of state affairs. The formation of the Observers public opinion results fro
6、m the following aspects: the distinctive news, the penetrating speech, the nuanced services and the multifaceted interaction. This paper, divided into five chapters, strives to analyze and explore the constructing manner and the inner qualities in an all-round way. In the first chapter, the writer h
7、as combed three forms of the liberalism intellectuals participation in politics after World War,analyzed the orientation for the elite and the consciousness of the state, examined the reading community which is contributed to the discourse by the writing of the liberalism intellectuals in a macrosco
8、pic perspective. At the end, the writer made a conclusion that the liberalism intellectuals influenced the political process mainly through the shape of the powerful public opinion in order to realize their political ideal. In the second chapter, based on the examination of the three columns Observe
9、rs Communication, Readers Letter, Editors Report, the writer has found that the Observer guided the attention and the discussion by the unique reports, which is one of the constructing forms of the Observers public opinion, meanwhile, the intercourse among the editor, the writer and the reader made
10、an atmosphere in which they could discuss the important affairs that are concerned by all of them. The third chapter emphasizes on the investigation of some important debates and the comment on the domestic and international current political situation. These debates, which were on national future,
11、their own status and momentous events, largely showed the value and characteristics of the public opinion of the Observer. In VI addition, the Observer had a set of fixed mechanism in the observation and evaluation of international and domestic affairs. The evaluation mechanism wasnt only the manife
12、station of the liberalism intellectuals spiritual claims but also was the reflection of the essence of the Observers public opinion from a side aspect. In the fourth chapter, the peoples element of shaping the public opinion of the Observer and its interaction with other journals are analyzed profou
13、ndly. Anping Chu and the guest writer, the readers of the Observer played the roles of the commanders, the advocators and the responders respectively. The public opinion of the Observer mainly came from the inside, meanwhile, the strong efforts constructed sound public opinion, were shown in the pro
14、cess of its interaction with other journals. In the fifth chapter, the analysis of characteristics, value and influence of the Observers public opinion are revealed by the writer. The Observers public opinion was rational and tolerant, which advocated public statement and criticism. In the meantime,
15、 the Observers opinion had ever played an important role both in cultivating the ideas of freedom and in promoting the democratic politics, and there is also considerable significance for todays media management and practitioners. The conclusion sums up the whole paper:the main cause of the Observer
16、s success lies in the persistent efforts for constructing the sound public opinion. Key words: The Observer The Liberalism Intellectuals Public Opinion II 引 言 1 引引 言 言 一、论文选题来源一、论文选题来源 在 20 世纪 40 年代后期的参政议政热潮中， 一批自由主义知识分子以民间精 英的身份，超然于党派之外，利用报刊杂志等平台议论国是，监督政治，形成了 一股别开生面的议政风潮。诞生于 1946 年 9 月 1 日的观察 ，一方面继承了中 国现代报刊文人论政的历史传统，另一方面标榜并实践西方自由主义新闻理念， 很快吸引了当时一批最著名的自由主义者和大量读者， 塑造了一个自由知识分子 关注国是的公共舆论空间。 观察 的成功， 储安平个人功不可没， 他对刊物的定位， 对撰稿人的选择， 对政
