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1、TED英语演讲稿：我们在出生前学到了什么 Mysubjecttodayislearning.Andinthatspirit,Iwanttospringonyouallapopquiz.Ready?Whendoeslearningbegin?Nowasyouponderthatquestion,maybeyourethinkingaboutthefirstdayofpreschoolorkindergarten,thefirsttimethatkidsareinaclassroomwithateacher.Ormaybeyouvecalledtomindthetoddlerphasewhench
2、ildrenarelearninghowtowalkandtalkanduseafork.MaybeyouveencounteredtheZero-to-Threemovement,whichassertsthatthemostimportantyearsforlearningaretheearliestones.Andsoyouranswertomyquestionwouldbe:Learningbeginsatbirth. WelltodayIwanttopresenttoyouanideathatmaybesurprisingandmayevenseemimplausible,butwh
3、ichissupportedbythelatestevidencefrompsychologyandbiology.Andthatisthatsomeofthemostimportantlearningweeverdohappensbeforewereborn,whilewerestillinthewomb.NowImasciencereporter.Iwritebooksandmagazinearticles.AndImalsoamother.AndthosetworolescametogetherformeinabookthatIwrotecalledOrigins.Originsisar
4、eportfromthefrontlinesofanexcitingnewfieldcalledfetalorigins.Fetaloriginsisascientificdisciplinethatemergedjustabouttwodecadesago,anditsbasedonthetheorythatourhealthandwell-beingthroughoutourlivesiscruciallyaffectedbytheninemonthswespendinthewomb.Nowthistheorywasofmorethanjustintellectualinteresttom
5、e.IwasmyselfpregnantwhileIwasdoingtheresearchforthebook.AndoneofthemostfascinatinginsightsItookfromthisworkisthatwerealllearningabouttheworldevenbeforeweenterit. Whenweholdourbabiesforthefirsttime,wemightimaginethattheyrecleanslates,unmarkedbylife,wheninfact,theyvealreadybeenshapedbyusandbythepartic
6、ularworldwelivein.TodayIwanttosharewithyousomeoftheamazingthingsthatscientistsarediscoveringaboutwhatfetuseslearnwhiletheyrestillintheirmothersbellies. Firstofall,theylearnthesoundoftheirmothersvoices.Becausesoundsfromtheoutsideworldhavetotravelthroughthemothersabdominaltissueandthroughtheamnioticfl
7、uidthatsurroundsthefetus,thevoicesfetuseshear,startingaroundthefourthmonthofgestation,aremutedandmuffled.OneresearchersaysthattheyprobablysoundalotlikethethevoiceofCharlieBrownsteacherintheoldPeanutscartoon.Butthepregnantwomansownvoicereverberatesthroughherbody,reachingthefetusmuchmorereadily.Andbec
8、ausethefetusiswithherallthetime,ithearshervoicealot.Oncethebabysborn,itrecognizeshervoiceanditpreferslisteningtohervoiceoveranyoneelses. Howcanweknowthis?Newbornbabiescantdomuch,butonethingtheyrereallygoodatissucking.Researcherstakeadvantageofthisfactbyrigginguptworubbernipples,sothatifababysucksono
9、ne,ithearsarecordingofitsmothersvoiceonapairofheadphones,andifitsucksontheothernipple,ithearsarecordingofafemalestrangersvoice.Babiesquicklyshowtheirpreferencebychoosingthefirstone.Scientistsalsotakeadvantageofthefactthatbabieswillslowdowntheirsuckingwhensomethingintereststhemandresumetheirfastsucki
10、ngwhentheygetbored.Thisishowresearchersdiscoveredthat,afterwomenrepeatedlyreadaloudasectionofDr.SeussTheCatintheHatwhiletheywerepregnant,theirnewbornbabiesrecognizedthatpassagewhentheyhearitoutsidethewomb.Myfavoriteexperimentofthiskindistheonethatshowedthatthebabiesofwomenwhowatchedacertainsoapopera
11、everydayduringpregnancyrecognizedthethemesongofthatshowoncetheywereborn.Sofetusesareevenlearningabouttheparticularlanguagethatsspokenintheworldthattheyllbeborninto. Astudypublishedlastyearfoundthatfrombirth,fromthemomentofbirth,babiescryintheaentoftheirmothersnativelanguage.Frenchbabiescryonarisingn
12、otewhileGermanbabiesendonafallingnote,imitatingthemelodiccontoursofthoselanguages.Nowwhywouldthiskindoffetallearningbeuseful?Itmayhaveevolvedtoaidthebabyssurvival.Fromthemomentofbirth,thebabyrespondsmosttothevoiceofthepersonwhoismostlikelytocareforit-itsmother.Itevenmakesitscriessoundlikethemothersl
13、anguage,whichmayfurtherendearthebabytothemother,andwhichmaygivethebabyaheadstartinthecriticaltaskoflearninghowtounderstandandspeakitsnativelanguage. Butitsnotjustsoundsthatfetusesarelearningaboutinutero.Itsalsotastesandsmells.Bysevenmonthsofgestation,thefetustastebudsarefullydeveloped,anditsolfactor
14、yreceptors,whichallowittosmell,arefunctioning.Theflavorsofthefoodapregnantwomaneatsfindtheirwayintotheamnioticfluid,whichiscontinuouslyswallowedbythefetus.Babiesseemtorememberandpreferthesetastesoncetheyreoutintheworld.Inoneexperiment,agroupofpregnantwomenwasaskedtodrinkalotofcarrotjuiceduringtheirt
15、hirdtrimesterofpregnancy,whileanothergroupofpregnantwomendrankonlywater.Sixmonthslater,thewomensinfantswereofferedcerealmixedwithcarrotjuice,andtheirfacialexpressionswereobservedwhiletheyateit.Theoffspringofthecarrotjuicedrinkingwomenatemorecarrot-flavoredcereal,andfromthelooksofit,theyseemedtoenjoy
16、itmore. AsortofFrenchversionofthisexperimentwascarriedoutinDijon,Francewhereresearchersfoundthatmotherswhoconsumedfoodanddrinkflavoredwithlicorice-flavoredaniseduringpregnancyshowedapreferenceforaniseontheirfirstdayoflife,andagain,whentheyweretestedlater,ontheirfourthdayoflife.Babieswhosemothersdidnoteataniseduringpregnancyshowedareactionthattranslatedroughlyasyuck.Whatthismeansisthatfetusesareef
