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1、Intonation (语调) Intonation the total pattern of pitch changes, i.e., the rise and fall of the voice during speech Functions of English intonation showing the purpose, the attitude and the feeling of the speaker Types of English intonation patterns three commonly-used tunes in English: falling / risi
2、ng / falling-rising Transcription of English intonation: using strokes and lines: use the rising tune if you want the other person to give you some information or his own opinion: He is a doctor, isnt he? (expecting agreementthe answer yes) He isnt a doctor, is he? (expecting agreementthe answer no)
3、 You are coming with us, arent you? Your arent coming with us, are you? Intonation (语调) The Intonation of Imperatives 1. Use the falling-rising tune for a pleading request. The fall is on Do or Dont or Please if they occur, or on the main verb if not, and the rise is at the end. Do finish it on time
4、. Dont laugh at it. Please come with me. Sit here. Mind your steps. 2. Use the falling tune for strong commands. Dont make a noise! Shut up! Intonation (语调) The intonation of Alternative Questions 1. For alternative questions resembling general questions in form: use the rising tune on each alternat
5、ive and the falling tune on the last one. Shall we go by plane, by train, or by boat? 2. For alternative questions resembling special questions in form (a wh-question followed by an elliptical alternative question) : use the falling tune on the special question; use the rising tune on each alternati
6、ve and the falling tune on the last one. How shall we go? By plane, by train, or by boat? Intonation (语调) Emphatic Intonation Reasons for giving special prominence (emphasis) to a particular word in speech: 1. to contrast two ideas I like listening to the BBC, not the VOA. 2. to intensify the meanin
7、g of a word I have taught you all I know. 3. to add interest to an utterance / to avoid monotonous repetition of the same intonation patterns Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England. Intonation (语调) Nucleus of an intonation unit A nucleus refers to the sy
8、llable in an intonation unit that carries the tune pattern (the fall, the rise or the fall -rise) the voice moves down or up from the nucleus. Generally speaking, the nucleus is the stressed syllable of the last content word. How to use the emphatic intonation The nucleus is shifted to the stressed
9、syllable of the most important word the stressed syllable of the word that receives emphasis becomes the nucleus of the intonation unit; the nucleus carries a fall, a rise, or a fall-rise. Intonation (语调) Emphatic intonation in a falling pattern: the stressed syllable of the most important word fall
10、s from high to low; other syllables in the intonation unit remain low. Hes “bought a “new car. (simple statement) Hes “bought a new %car. (not second-hand) Hes bought a %new %car. (not hired) Hes “bought a “new car. (not a bike) Intonation (语调) Emphatic intonation in a rising pattern: the stressed s
11、yllable of the most important word rises from low to a higher level; the falling tune is used before the nucleus. “Did you “buy the car? (common general question) “Did you buy the car? (not hired) “Did you buy the car? (not anyone else) “Did you %buy the car? (not a bike) . . Intonation (语调) Emphati
12、c intonation in a falling-rising pattern: the fall-rise is on the stressed syllable of the most important word, or the fall is on the stressed syllable of the most important word and the rise is on the last stressed syllable of the intonation unit. Did you buy it for Peter? I bought it for the last
13、item has a falling tune when the enumeration is completed. A, B, C, D, E, One, two, three, four, five. 2. A level tune is also common in enumeration. A succession of falls can be used, which sounds more formal. “One, “ two, “three, “four, “five, Five, four, three, two, one, lift off! 3. There is a t
14、endency to use the same pattern throughout, whatever it may be. Intonation (语调) The Intonation of Vocatives Vocative a word or a noun phrase used when calling or addressing someone. In calling or addressing someone when the name begins the utterance, the falling tune, the rising tune,or the falling-
15、rising tune can be used. When the name comes at the end of the utterance, it is often unstressed after the fall of the utterance or said on a rising tune. The rising tune sounds more polite, casual, or friendly; the falling tune sounds more formal, serious, or used to attach importance to the uttera
16、nce. the rise implies that though the speaker may have made a positive statement, he/she is going to qualify it. He/She may actually say “but” or may simply imply it. Did you have a good holiday? The weather was very good. (but everything else was awful.) Intonation (语调) Some generalizations about functions and uses of English Intonation: 1. The falling into
