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1、第第3939讲讲 后置、前置、倒装后置、前置、倒装 By XiongQiuxue structure 句尾焦点and句尾重心 后置 关键词语的后置 不引起倒装的前置 前置 and倒装 引起到装的前置 引入 英语的“正常次序”（自然词序） 主语+谓语 My mother likes a cup of tea every afternoon (SVO,V一般指及物动词，O指宾语) My uncle was formerly a teacher of chemistry (SVC，V一般指连系动词，C指补语) 除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语、除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语、
2、补语的位置都是相对固定的。而打破常规又改变补语的位置都是相对固定的。而打破常规又改变 词序的方法做法是一种表示强调的手段这种手段词序的方法做法是一种表示强调的手段这种手段 就是后置、前置以及倒装。就是后置、前置以及倒装。 后置是一种语法手段，即为了表示强调而 把一个非句尾成分移至句尾。 支配英语词序的两条重要原则 1.End Focus（句尾焦点） 2.End Weight（句尾重心 ） “ “旧信息旧信息+ +新信息新信息” ”句子句子信息单位信息单位 Mr. Smith is a friend of my fathers. 旧信息 （Known Information ） 新信息 （New
3、 Information ） 信息焦点 （Information Focus） 句尾重心 从句子结构看，主语，作为信息传递的出发点，在结构上 通常较短较简单，而谓语，作为信息传递的着重点，则通 常较长较复杂，这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心”（End Weight）。 They pushed the car. They gave the car a push. He smokes. He smokes cigarettes. 由于句尾焦点和句尾重心的关系，人们在组词成句 时往往要将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使 之处于突出的位置，这种语法手段叫做“后置 ”(Postponement)。 He g
4、ave me a book. He gave a book to me. 前者侧重在a book ，适合于回答What did he give me?后者侧重在me，适合回答Who did he give a book to?由此可见，间接宾语的位置虽然 可前可后，但在一定上下文中它只能在前或者只 能在后。 Combine each set of sentences into one sentence with necessary changes according to the stressed points indicated below: 1.Women may soon be able
5、 to compete with men in most sporting events. Men may deny it. a) Stressing womens role in sporting events b) Stressing mens denial 2.Cities like New York and Detroit can survive. They can overcome serious problems like crime and pollution. a) Stressing the survival of the big cities b) Stressing th
6、e serious problems Even though men may deny it, women may soon be able to compete Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, but men may deny it. Provided (that) they can overcome serious problems like crime and pollution, cities like New York and Detroit can survive. Cities
7、 like New York and Detroit can survive if they can overcome serious problems like crime and pollution. 把把正常词序中通常正常词序中通常较 较晚晚出现出现的成分移的成分移 至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到 特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置（前置（ FrontingFronting）。使用前置手段表示强调，有。使用前置手段表示强调，有 时不必改变次序，有时则引起时不必改变次序，有时则引起倒装（倒装（ Inversion)Invers
8、ion)。 一、不引起倒装的前置 不引起倒装的前置通常是宾语（ Object ）、主语 补语（ Subject Complement ）和宾语补语（ Object Complement ）。 A horrible mess youve made it. Books, he had treasured from the earliest period of his life. Very strange it seemed. 作用一：使上下文衔接紧密 Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. T
9、he other he ate himself. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 作用二：为了意义的对比和结构的对称 Joan he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 shillings. 二、引起倒装的前置 当主语补语前置时，如果主语较长或主语 结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会 引起倒装。 More serious was the question of how the President wo
10、uld present the joint announcement. Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence. “not a +名词” 或 “not a single +名词” I had a terrible time playing roulette（轮盘 赌） at the casino. Not a winner number did I have all night. I lost a fortune at Royal Ascot（皇家赛马 会）. Not a single win
11、ner did I back the whole meeting. 最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。这 里有两种情况：一种是全部倒装（Full Inversion），另一种是部分倒装（ Partial Inversion）。前者是整个谓语置 于主语之前，后者仅是操作词置于主语之 前。 a)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词 为go、come等表示位置转移的动态动词时 ，通常用全部倒装。 There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd. Ban
12、g! Bang! Bang! Came three reports of firecrackers and Philip suddenly felt his body become light. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也 会引起全部倒装。 In this chapter will be found a partial answer. From the valley came a tinkling sound, a soothing moo, the lull of alien voices. 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起 局部倒装 Never have I f
13、ound him in such a good mood. Not for one minute do I think I have any hope of getting promoted No longer these days is it necessary for women to wear veils. When I was at school, on no account were we allowed to answer the master back. (顶嘴) Pete will retire soon. No more will his genius delight mil
14、lions. 句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组 ”、“only+状语分词” 构成，也可引起局部倒 装。 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. 以关联词not only (but also) 开头的句子或 分句，往往
15、引起局部倒装。 Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. 以关联连词so (that)开头的句子，在这种 结构中，“so+形容词”是主语补语的前置； “so+副词”是状语的前置，前者引起全部倒 装，后者引起局部倒装。 So dangerous were the avalanches that skiing had t
16、o be stopped. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night. 当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有 时也引起局部倒装。 Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. Many a time has Mike given me good advice. 如果主语较长，也可全部倒装。 Thus b
