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1、1 1 Unit3 Smart Sensors 2 2 Unit3 Smart Sensors Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 3 3 lIntroduction Just about everything today in the technology area is a candidate（申请求职者，候选人；报考者）for having the prefix （前缀）smart added to it. The term smart sensor was coined in the mid-1980s, and since then seve
2、ral devices have been called smart sensors. 译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为 其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代中 期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 4 4 The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application
3、-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers. 句中microcontroller unit(MCU)意为“微控制器单元”， digital signal processor (DSP)意为“数字信号处理器”， application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)意为“特殊 应用集成电路”。 全句译为：这些设备所具有的智能源于半导体生产厂家开 发的微控制器（MCU）、数字信号处理器（DSP）和特 殊应用集成
4、电路（ASIC）技术。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 5 5 Some of those same semiconductor manufacturers are actively working on smarter silicon devices for the input and output sides of the control system as well. The term microelectromechanical system (MEMS)（微机电系统） is used to describe a structure cre
5、ated with semiconductor manufacturing processes for sensors and actuators. 译为：一些半导体制造商正在积极的进行控制系统的 输入和输出两个方面的智能装置的研究。微机电系统（ MEMS）这个术语用来描述对传感器和加载器用半导体制 造工艺建立的结构。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 6 6 Before the availability of microelectronics, the sensors or transducers used to measure physical
6、 quantities, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, usually were coupled（连接，联结，联系）directly to a readout device, typically a meter that was read by an observer. 译为：应用微电子技术之前，传感器或转换器用于测 量物理量，如温度，压力，流量，通常直接与读数装置相 连，通常一个仪表有一个观察员读数。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 7 7 The transducer converted th
7、e physical quantity being measured to a displacement. The observer initiated system corrections to change the reading closer to a desired value. The typical blocks of a measurement system are shown in Figure 3.1. 译为：该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系 统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成 框图如图3.1所示。 Figure 3.1 General sensin
8、g system Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 8 8 Many home thermostats（恒温（调节）器）, tire pressure gauges（轮胎气压表）, and factory flow meters still operate in the same manner. 译为：许多家用自动调温器，轮胎压力表和工厂流量计 也以同样的方式运作。 However, the advent of microprocessor technology initiated the requirement for sensors to hav
9、e an electrical output that could be more readily interfaced to provide unattended measurement and control. 句中，that 从句作output的定语从句。 全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要 有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 9 9 That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to d
10、igital format prior to（在 之前） being supplied to the process controller. Todays MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors. 译为：在将数据传输给处理控制器之前，还需要将模拟 信号放大并转换成数字信号。今天的微控制器（MCU）和模 /数
11、（A/D）转换器通常需要有一个5V的电源供应，以为放 大器和信号调理传感器提供电源电压。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 1010 However, the reduction in the supply voltage from 5V to 3.3V and even lower voltages and the presence of more than one voltage in a system pose challenges not typically associated with even the smartest sensors.
12、 主语为the reduction和the presence，谓语为pose，宾 语challenges。 全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低，以 及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传感 器提出的考验。 Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity. 译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压 并
13、解决问题，但它们增加了系统和传感器的复杂性。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 1111 Commonly used definitions for the terms sensor and transducer must be the first in the list of many terms that will be defined. A transducer is a device that converts energy from one domain into another, calibrated（校准）to minimize the
14、 errors in the conversion process. A sensor is a device that provides a useful output to a specified measurand. 译为：传感器和转换器中常用的定义，必须首先对一 些术语进行定义。转换器是这样一种装置，它将能量从 一个范围转换到另一个范围，并进行校准以减少在转换 过程中的误差。而传感器是给特定的被测设备提供了一 个有用的输出。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 1212 The sensor is a basic element of a tr
15、ansducer, but it also may refer to a detection of voltage or current in the electrical regime（物理条件，环境，组织方法；管理体制 ，政体）that does not require conversion. Sometimes, the terms are used synonymously（同义地）, because energy conversion is part of every device that is discussed. 译为：传感器是转换器的基本元素之一，但是在不需 要进行转换的电气
16、方面，传感器可能会用于电压或电流的 检测。有时候，传感器和换能器会被等价的应用，因为能 量转换是每个被讨论的设备的一部分。 Unit3 Smart SensorsUnit3 Smart Sensors 1313 The definition of smart sensor (intelligent transducer) has not been as widely accepted and is subject to misuse. However, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (电气和电子工程师协会)committee has been actively consolidating terminology（专门用语，术 语，术语学，术语的正确使用，术语用法）that applies to microelectronic sensors. 译为：智能传感器（智能转换器）的定义并没有被广泛接
