张众_雅思基础语法

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1、2009暑假班 雅思基础语法 苏州新东方学校 张众 zhangzhongchina 本课程主要内容 基本原则 句法及其应用 词法及其应用 教材练习讲解 雅思语法的黄金规则 规则一:一个句子有且只有一个谓语。 I go to school. 规则二:逗号不能连接两个句子。 He hurts me, I forgive him.() 规则三:介词后面必有宾语。 look down upon the colored 规则四:如果句子有连词连接,则两个 分句有各自的谓语。 Although he hurts me, I forgive him. 开篇思考:意志的表达 1. 助动词 Tomorrow w

2、ill be a holiday. Tomorrow shall be a holiday. shall: 由ought to演变而来。 表示义务、不可抗力、客观上。 will: 由wish演变而来。 表示主观意愿、主观期望、愿意。 发号施令,即“我希望”、“你必须”: I will / you shall / he shall He shall be the first in the examination. 表示客气,即“你不必勉强”、“请自愿”: you will / he will / she will He will be the fist in the examination. 我

3、怕我会失败,但我希望你会成功。 “我失败”:客观力量导致,所以才“怕”; “你成功”:我的主观希望。 I fear, but I hope I fear I shall fail, but I hope you will succeed. 因此,助动词的组合,分为两种: 单纯未来:I shall, you will, he will 没有说话人的主观意志,自己是“义务的 ”,别人是“自愿的”。 个人意志:I will, you shall, he shall 受说话人主观意志的影响,自己是“愿意 的”,别人是“有义务的”。 2. 单纯未来 I shall, you will, he will(

4、单) we shall, you will, they will(复) 只要不加入自己或他人的意志,都可以 用“单纯未来”的表达。 具体可分为8种情况。 (1)Natural Development I shall be very old after 50 years. If you are diligent, you will learn well. (2)External Necessity You must keep the pills, because you will need them by and by. (3)Emotional Changes I shall be glad

5、to hear from you. He will be sorry for it afterwards. (4)Coming up of Perceptions You will find what I say is true. I shall feel the want of your assistance. (5)General Expectation If he does not give up gambling, he will go bankrupt. I fear I shall fail. (6)Common Duty After firing the servant, you

6、 will take upon yourself all the household work. (7)Pre-Arrangement I shall be in Japan during the summer vacation. He will not be at home, for he has to attend a meeting. (8)Positions of Passivity If he does not amend, he will be dismissed. 3. 个人意志 I will, you shall, he shall We will, you shall, th

7、ey shall 我“要”(主观) 你“应当”(义务) 表示发言者本人的期望,以及对方的义 务、责任。 I will have somebody help me. I will have the work done in one hour. 所谓“意志”,包含了“意”和“志”。 意意愿(willingness),心甘情愿。 I will always love you. 志心志(determination),决心。 I will conquer the difficulties I meet with. 就“意愿”来说,主要有4种情形。 (1)Consent I will take any s

8、tep at your request. (2)Promise I will tell you on some future occasion. (3)Refusal I will never do this for him. (4)Offer If you need anything, I will lend it to you. 就“决心”来说,也有4种情形。 (1)Resolution I will be revenged on you. (2)Choice I will go or stay, as I think proper. (3)Insistence I will know y

9、our reason. (4)Threat If you wont leave the house, I will call 110. 刚才说的是自己的意志,而如果把自己 的意志强加给别人,也有4种情形。 (1)Permission (= I will let) You shall have your own way. (2)Compulsion He shall do this, whether he wants it or not. (3)Prohibition You shall not set foot here again. (4)Threat You shall smart for

10、 this. 因此,you shall / he shall可以坦率的表示 自己对别人的许可或禁止。 基本知识:句子的构成 主部 述部 主部:是 述部:是 My father / is a teacher. 主语(S)是主部的中心,谓语动词(V )是述部的中心。 谓语动词可以是动词的组合。 We must wear uniforms. 宾语(O) 动词或介词动作的施行对象。 My father / bought a new car. 宾语可能不止一个,这时每个宾语都要 用宾格形式。 My sister / bought me this pendant. 一定要有宾语的动词,叫做及物动词; 否则

11、叫做不及物动词。 补语(C) 用来说明主语和宾语“什么样”,“什么状 态”。 The news / made us sad.(C) He / bought me a present.(O而非C) 补语主要说明宾语。如果说明主语,往 往把这种补语称为表语。 His mother / is a government official. 修饰语 补充修饰主语、谓语、宾语、补语。 The tall boy carried a box full of chocolates. 去掉修饰语后,句子仍成立。 The boy carried a box. 修饰语分为形容词(修饰名词)和副词 (修饰动词)。 ta

12、ll boy / box full of / happily carried 同一个词,可以被多个修饰语修饰。 He sometimes study before breakfast. 进阶:句子的种类 句子的四个大类 陈述句:肯定句、否定句。 疑问句:Yes / No疑问句、Wh-疑问句。 祈使句:肯定祈使句、否定祈使句。 感叹句:How感叹句、What感叹句。 选择疑问句 一般疑问:“Did you come here by bicycle or on foot? ” “By bicycle.” 特殊疑问:用which开头。 Which do you like better, cats o

13、r dogs? 回答时,只要回答or左边或右边的某个 词就可以了。 反意疑问句 前肯定则后否定,前否定则后肯定。 Its very hot today, isnt it? Yes. She doesnt like coffee, does she? No. 加强语气则降调,询问对方则升调。 回答的依据:客观事实。 I am a student, arent I?(第一人称) There is a boat, isnt there?(there be) He will save me, wont he?(情态动词) 祈使句的扩展 礼貌的祈使句:please Open the door, plea

14、se. 表示请求的祈使句:反意疑问 Please sit down, wont you? 表示提议的祈使句:Lets (+ 反意疑问) Lets not talk about it, (shall we?) 练习 你不会参加会议的,对吗? Tom想和Helen结婚,对吗? 咱们去看电影,好吗? You wont go to the meeting, will you? Tom wants to marry Helen, doesnt he? Lets go to the movie, shall we? 深入探讨:动词和句型 常见的四种句型 S+V+C S+V+O S+V+O+C S+V+O+

15、O S + V + C (1) She kept calm during the earthquake. (2) I get nervous before exams. (3) Silk feels smooth. (4) She looks happy. 哪些动词适用于SVC句型呢? (1)表示“是/状态”的动词。 be, keep, remain, stay His death remains a mystery. (2)表示“变成”的动词。 become, get, grow, turn, bloom into The sky turned grey. Her dream came true. (3)表示“感觉”的动词。 feel, smell, taste The milk tastes sour. (4)表示“好像,似乎”的动词。 seem, look, appear, sound She

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