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1、初中英语语法大全被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明句子中主语和谓语动词的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，使用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者，则使用被动语态。出题点: (1)各种时态的被动语态; (2 )被动语态的各种句式1、 被动语态的构成1. 被动语态与主动语态的关系主动语态:强调动作发出者被动语态 :强调受到动作影响的对象eg: He wrote the book.eg: The book was written by him.eg: She sings the English song.eg: The English song is sung by her
2、.eg: We have finished our homework since two hours ago.eg: Our homework has been finished since two hours ago by us.2. 各种时态及情态动词的被动语态名称构成以动词give举例一般现在时 is/am/are+P.P.is/am/are+given一般过去时was/were+PP.was/were+given一般将来时will / shall be+ P.P. is/am/are going to be+P.P. will/shall be+givenis/am/are going
3、 to be+given过去将来时would/should+be+PP.would/should+be+given现在进行时is/am/are+being+P.P.is/am/are+being+given过去进行时was/were+being+P.P.was/were+being+given现在完成时have/has been+P.P.have/has been+given过去完成时had been+PP.had been+given含情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+P.P.情态动词+be+given 3. 被动语态的各种句式句式结构肯定句式主语+be+过去分词+(by.).否定句式主语+
4、be+not+过去分词+(by.).一般疑问句式Be+主语+过去分词+(by.)?特殊疑问句式特殊疑问词(不作主语)+be+主语+过去分词(by.)?特殊疑问词(作主语)+be+过去分词+(by.)?eg: Haveyou heardaboutthatcaraccidentneartheschool? - Yes,luckilyno onewashurt.你听说学校附近的那场车祸了吗? - 是的，幸运的是没有人受伤。eg: Aroadhasbeenbuiltbythegovernment. 一条道路已经被政府修建了。eg: Iamnotinvitedtogotothepartybymyfrie
5、nd. 我没有被朋友邀请去参加聚会。eg:MybikeisntbeingrepairedbyTomnow. 我的自行车现在没有被汤姆修理。eg:Aretheyusedforpostingletters? 它们被用来邮递信件吗?eg:Aretreesbeingplantedovertherebythem? 那边的树正在被他们种植吗?eg: When wasthebasketballteamsetup? 这支篮球队是什么时候成立的?eg:How manyman-madesatellites havebeensentinto space? 已经有多少颗人造卫星被发射升空?4. 情态动词的被动语态的句
6、式句式结构肯定句式主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+(by.).否定句式主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+(by.).一般疑问句式情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+(by.)?特殊疑问句式特殊疑问词(不作主语)+情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+(by.)?特殊疑问词(作主语)+情态动词+be+过去分词+(by.)?出题点:被动语态的用法eg: Theproject must be finished by the endofthisweek. 这个项目这个用末前必须完成。eg: Theseclothesneednt be washed. 这些衣服不必洗。eg: Should I beallow
7、edmakemyown decision? 应该允许我自己做决定吗?eg:Canthehomeworkbedoneinclass? 这些家庭作业能在课堂上完成吗?eg:Whenmustthisworkbedone? 这项工作必须在什么时候完成?eg:Whomightbeelectedpresidentoftheuniversity? 谁可能被选为这所大学的校长?二、被动语态的用法1. 强调动作的承受者主语应该是说话者要突出强调的重点。如果我们感兴趣的重点发动作的承受者(实语，就用被动语态将其宾语交为主语使其突出。eg: Many houses were destroyed in the ear
8、thquake of April 20,203 in Yaan.在雅安的地震中很多房屋被损坏了。 (强调destroy的承受者many houses)eg:Anewideahasbeensuggested. 已经提出了一个新想法。(强调suggest的宾语a new idea)2. 没有必要指出动作的执行者说话者不知道动作的执行者,或者认为没有必要指出。eg:DoyouknowwhenthefirsttrainwasproducedinChina?你知道中国的第一辆火车是什么时候制造的吗?eg:Thehouseisbeingrepaired. 这座房子正在修缮中。2. 强调动作的执行者被动句有
9、时不用by短语，因为使用被动句多因动作执行者不明确或者不重要，但是有时也用by短语来强调或突出重要的、新的信息。eg: The paintingonthewallisveryvaluable.ItwasdonebyPicasso墙上的那幅画非常珍贵，那是毕加索画的。(强调do的发出者Picasso)eg:Thebeautifulgiftwasgivenbymygrandfather. 出题点: 将主动语态变为被动语态的各种情况这份精美的礼物是我爷爷给我的。(强调give的发出者grandfather)三、主动语态和被动语态的转化1. 主动语态转化为被动语态的步骤步骤一：将主语的宾语作被动语态的
10、主语eg: Brucewritesalettereveryweek. A letter is writtenbyBruceeveryweek.步骤二：谓语动词变成“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表现出不同的时态。Brucewritesaletter everyweek. A letter is writtenbyBruceeveryweek.步骤三：主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语(byBruce)，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略）Brucewritesaletter everyweek. A letter is writtenbyBrucee
11、veryweek.2. 动语态转化为被动语态的各种情况(1) 主语+谓语+宾语. (主语+be done+by)主动语态：NoonehaseverbeatenSonyaattennis.被动语态：Sonyahasneverbeenbeaten (by.) at tennis.(2) A. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( 主语+be done+直接宾语(+by.)主动语态：They give the children many good books.被动语态：The children were given many good books.B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 (主语+ be
12、done to/ for+间接宾语(by.)、主动语态：They give the children many good books.被动语态：Many good books were given to the children by them.(3) 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 (主语+ be done+宾语补足语(by.)主动语态：We made Mr.White leader of the team.被动语态：Mr. White was made leader of the team.(4)A. 主语+谓语+宾语从句 （It+be done+原来的宾语从句）主动语态：They say
13、that Nell is one of the richest people.被动语态：It is said that Nell is one of the richest people.B.主语+谓语（+宾语从句的连接词）+从句宾语+从句的谓语 （主语+ be done+不定式to do.）主动语态：We believed that he would succeed.被动语态：He was believed to succeed.(5) 祈使句：谓语+宾语 （Let+宾语+be done）主动语态：Keep the book where it is.被动语态：Let the book be
14、kept where it is.出题点：(1) 使役动词和感官动词的被动语态（2）主动形式表示被动意义的情况（3）动词短语的被动语态四.被动语态的注意事项1. 主动形式表示被动意义(1) 某些连系动词，如look, sound, smell,taste, feel, prove等，可用主动语态表示被动含义。eg:Thisshirtfeelsmuchsofterthanthatone. 这件衬衫提起来比那件衬衫柔软得多。eg: Everythingwill provetobeallrightintheend. 最后会证明一切顺利。(2) 表示主语的特征、状态的动词作谓语时。表示主语的特征、状态的动词常见的有read,write,sell,clean, cook, burn,draw,cut,wear等,此类动词常表示主语的某种属性。eg:Hernewnovelsellswell. 她的新小说很畅销。eg:Thiskitchencleansveryeasily. 这个厨房很容易清洗
