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1、Absolute entropy, 820, 821 Absolute zero, 15, 406 Absorption, 559, 609 Absorption spectrum, 1044, 1045 Accuracy, 21 precision vs., 21 Acetaldehyde (ethanal), 1086, 1087 properties of, 447 Acetamide (ethanamide), 1091 Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), 12425, 357, 705, 706, 718, 1087, 1088 molecular geomet
2、ry of, 35657 pH calculation for, 687 properties of, 685, 687 reaction with methyl alcohol, 934 titration with caustic soda (NaOH), 73538 Acetic anhydride, 1112 Acetone (propanone), 48384, 537, 572, 1086 Acetonitrile, 570 methyl isonitrile converted to, 589, 59596, 618 properties of, 447 Acetylaceton
3、e ion, 1058 Acetylene, 841, 1066, 1067, 1077 molecular geometry of, 369 production of, 436 Acetylide ion, 976 Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 2, 392, 715, 766, 1087, 1088 Acid(s), 131, 670 adipic, 497 conjugate, 67273 defined, 65, 131 diprotic, 131, 682 ionic properties of, 124 monoprotic, 131, 6828
4、3 names and formulas of, 6566 oxidation of metals by, 14042 periodic, 952 properties of, 134 as proton donors, 131 reactions of. See also Acid-base reactions with magnesium, 14041 with magnesium hydroxide, 135 strong, 13132, 674, 68283, 72930 in buffered solutions, 72930 titrating, 15253 weak, 13132
5、, 674, 68493 acid-dissociation constant from, 68791 common-ion effect on, 72225 percent ionization of, 68890 polyprotic acids, 69193, 739 Acid-base equilibria, 669719. See also Aqueous equilibria acid-dissociation constant and base-dissociation 1Kb2 1Ka2 1Ka2 constant relationship, 69699 Arrhenius d
6、efinitions, 670, 672 autoionization of water, 67678 Brnsted-Lowry acids and bases, 67076 conjugate acid-base pairs, 67274, 69697 ions in water and, 67071 proton-transfer reactions, 67172, 67475, 685, 7023, 940 relative strengths of, 67476 chemical structure and, 7026 binary acids, 703 carboxylic aci
7、ds, 7056 factors affecting acid strength, 7023 oxyacids, 7045 ion product, 67678 Lewis acids and bases, 70610 electron-pair acceptor/donor concept, 7067 metal ions and, 70810, 74851 in organic substances, 1066 pH scale, 67881 measuring, 68182 other “p” scales, 681 of salt solutions, 699702 anion rea
8、ction with water, 699700 cation reaction with water, 700 combined cation-anion effect, 700702 strong acids and bases, 674, 68284 in buffered solutions, 72930 weak acids and bases, 674, 68496 acid-dissociation constant from, 68791 common-ion effect on, 72225 percent ionization of, 68890 polyprotic ac
9、ids, 69193, 739 types of, 69596 Acid-base indicators, 153, 68182 Acid-base reactions, 120, 128, 13137. See also Acid-base equilibria electrolytes, 13334 with gas formation, 13637 neutralization reactions and salts, 13436, 137 Acid-base titrations, 73239 of polyprotic acids, 739 strong, 73235 weak, 7
10、3539 Acid-dissociation constant , 68591 base-dissociation constant and, 69699 calculating from pH, 68587 calculating pH from, 68791 for hydrolysis reactions, 7089 for polyprotic acids, 69192 1Kb2 1Ka2 1Ka2 H+ Acidic anhydrides (acidic oxides), 955 Acid inhibitors, 137 Acidosis, 731 Acid rain, 77880
11、Acid salts, 698 Actinides, electron configurations of, 245 Activated complex (transition state), 596 Activation, entropy of, 843 Activation energy, 59596, 803 catalysis and, 609, 656 determining, 59799 Active metals, 142 Active site, 611, 612 Active transport, 556 Activity, 913 Actual yield, 107 Add
12、ition, significant figures and, 24 Addition polymer, 496 Addition polymerization, 49596, 843, 1078 Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes, 107780 mechanism of, 107980 Adenine, 1103, 1104, 1105 Adenosine, 971 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 833, 1115 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 833, 843, 898, 971,
13、111415 Adhesive forces, 454 Adipic acid, 497 Adrenaline, 569 Adsorption, 559, 609 Aerobic bacteria, 788 Air, 400 combustion in, 8788 composition near sea level, 771 Air bag, automobile, 86 489 Alanine, 707, 1094, 1095, 1096 R-Albuterol, 1092 Alcohol(s), 68, 537 condensation reactions with, 1088 as f
14、unctional group, 108285 oxidation of, 1087 solubilities in water and hexane, 537 Aldehydes, 1086 Alizarin yellow R, 682 Alkali metal ions, 757 Alkali metals, 57, 246 charges of, 278 group trends for, 28184 ionic compounds of, 127 ionic hydrides from, 944 ionic hydroxides of, 68384 oxidation number o
15、f, 139 as reducing agent, 867 Alkaline batteries, 879 Alkaline earth metals, 57, 246 group trends for, 281, 28586 Al2O3, ionic hydrides from, 944 ionic hydroxides of, 683, 684 oxidation number of, 139 as reducing agent, 867 Alkalosis, 731 Alkanes, 67, 1066, 106774, 1084 cycloalkanes, 107273 derivati
16、ves of, 68 nomenclature of, 107072 reactions of, 107374 structural isomers of, 106970 structure of, 106869 Alkenes, 1066, 107576, 107779 Alkoxides, 503 Alkyl group, 1071, 1082 Alkynes, 1066, 107779 Allene, 394 Allotropes, 287 Alloys, 993, 995, 100610 defined, 1006 heterogeneous, 1007, 1008 intermetallic compounds, 100810 interstitial, 1007 shape-memory, 1009 solution, 1007 steels, 1008 substitutional, 100
