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1、The Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13th Edition7.4 Sample QuestionsEach of the reading comprehension questions is based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage answer all questions pertaining to it on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For each question, select th
2、e best answer of the choices given.LineBiologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that(5)schooling offers the advantage of some protection from p
3、redators.Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible.Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, (10)even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overl
4、ap. Thus the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greaterthan the chance of the predator finding a single fish(15)swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predators chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than
5、 its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed(20)throughout an area.However, critics of theory Apoint out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility of escaping detection exists. They argue that the sc
6、hool continues(25)to be of value to its members even after detection.They advocate theory B, the confusion effect, which can be explained in two different ways.Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision(30)supposedly results from a predators pre
7、ference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish arealmost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one. The second explanation for(35)the confusion effect has to do with the sensory confusion caused by a larg
8、e number of prey moving around the predator. Even if the predatormakes the decision to attack a particular fish, the movement of other prey in the school can(40)be distracting. The predators difficulty can be compared to that of a tennis player trying to hit a tennis ball when two are approaching si
9、multaneously.The Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13th EditionQuestions 1-3 refer to the passage above.1.According to the passage, theory B states that which of the following is a factor that enables a schooling fish to escape predators?(A) The tendency of fish to form compact groups (B) The movement
10、 of other fish within the school (C) The inability of predators to detect schools(D) The ability of fish to hide behind one another ina school(E) The great speed with which a school can disperse2.According to the passage, both theory A and theory Bhave been developed to explain how(A) fish hide from
11、 predators by forming schools(B) forming schools functions to protect fish from predators(C) schooling among fish differs from other protective behaviors(D) small fish are able to make rapid decisions(E) small fish are able to survive in an environment densely populated by large predators3.According
12、 to one explanation of the confusion effect, a fish that swims in a school will have greater advantages for survival if it(A) tends to be visible forno more than 200 meters (B) stays near either the front or the rear of a school (C) is part of a small school rather than a largeschool(D) is very simi
13、lar in appearance to the other fish inthe school(E) is medium-sized4.The author is primarily concerned with(A) discussing different theories (B) analyzing different techniques (C) defending two hypotheses(D) refuting established beliefs(E) revealing new evidenceThe Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13
14、th EditionLineEcoefficiency (measures to minimize environmentimpact through the reduction or elimination of wastefrom production processes) has become a goal forcompanies worldwide, with many realizing significant(5)cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge andGoran Carstedt see this developme
15、nt as laudable butsuggest that simply adopting ecoefficiencyinnovations could actually worsen environmentalstresses in the future. Such innovations reduce(10)production waste but do not alter the number ofproducts manufactured nor the waste generatedfrom their use and discard; indeed, most companiesinvest in ecoefficiency improvements in order toincrease profits and growth. Moreover, there is no(15)guarantee that increased economic growth fromecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,
