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人格同一性问题研究——理论、判别标准及难题

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湘潭大学 硕士学位论文 人格同一性问题研究——理论、判别标准及难题 姓名:王凯成 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:科技哲学 指导教师:袁建新 20080518 I 摘 要 在哲学界,笛卡尔从“我思故我在”这一命题出发,指出“思想”是自我的 本质,第一个提出自我同一性的问题;洛克从经验主义的立场出发,反对笛卡尔 作为心灵实体的自我观,提出了近代关于“人格”的经典定义但是,他对这一 问题的解答的同时,又不得不借助于笛卡尔的自我意识概念;康德用“统觉的本 源的综合统一性”这一原理对人格同一性问题进行论证,确立了奠基于先验自我 基础之上的自我同一性理论,但“先验统觉理论”并不能说明隔日的自我是如何 同一的;费希特从非理性角度来阐述自我的同一性,他主张从行动意志和自我设 定中体验人格的同一性,但这种体验或自觉并不能代替严格的逻辑论证;休谟和 詹姆士则各自提出人格虚构论和人格温热论 从人格的定义出发, 西方哲学家又从物质或精神方面寻求对人格同一性的判 别标准:身体标准把身体的同一等同于人格的同一;脑标准认为人格的同一由脑 或者脑的一部分构成;记忆标准用记忆的连续性来判别人格的同一性;心理连续 性标准则认为人格的同一应由包括记忆在内的信念、意向、目的、欲望等心理连 续性内容共同构成;我们把这种认为人格是一个纯粹的精神的存在体,一个纯粹 的自我的观点称为简单观点, 但简单观点在顺利解释某些人格现象的同时又容易 受到循环问题、可复制性论证和多重占有论等多方面的质疑。

从“人格同一”这一观点出发,我们会遇到许多难以解释的难题,如裂脑人 和半脑人问题、神游症现象、双重人格和多重人格现象、科学假设中的复制问题 等等本文针对这些难题,试图找出其困难的根源,并对“人格同一性”这一说 法的思维定势提出质疑同时指出, “同一性”与“唯一性”的区别, “人” 、 “身 体”及“人格”的区别,严格的人格同一性是在精神与物质相统一的情况下存在 的而从宽泛意义上讲,身体与人格有时并不存在一一对应的关系只存在前后 相继的人格同一,而不存在同一时间,不同空间的人格同一 人因其自然性而具有唯一性和独特性,人格同一性难题的出现,是因为人为 技术的过多干预,而要最终消解人格同一性难题,必须反对技术对人格的渗透 关键词:关键词:人格同一性的理论; 人格同一性的判别标准; 人格同一性难题的解决 II Abstract In philosophical scope, Descartes, who was the first scholars to pose the question of self-identity, began with a proposition that “thinking is being” and concluded that “thinking” is the nature of ego; Locke opposed the idea of ego as the spiritual entity and raised a classical definition about personality from empirical standpoint. In his view, “person” is a “thinking intelligent being with reason and reflection that can consider itself as itself, the same thinking being, in different times and places”. It showed that while he was answering this question, he had to resort to self-conscious conception of Descartes; Kant demonstrated the problem about personal identity by the principle of “apriority apperception” and established the theory on self-identity, which was based on ego of apriority, however, “apriority apperception” can’t explain how to keep the same man on every other day, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, elaborated on self-identity from unreason angel and advocated that one can experience personal identity from the will of action and self-assumption, but the experience or consciousness can’t replace strict and logical demonstration; Hume and James put forward personal-fiction-ism and personal-warm-ism respectively. The western philosophical scholars started with the definition of personality and educed the criterions of distinguishing personal identity from the physical and psychological face: the bodily criterion thinks that the identity of body if identical to personal identity; the brain criterion believes that personal identity consists of a brain or a part of a brain; the memory criterion distinguishes personal identity by memorial continuity; however the psychological continuity criterion considers that personal identity ought to be made up of the content of philosophical continuity such as belief, intention, purpose, desire besides memory together. We call the opinion of personality as a pure spiritual being or a pure ego as the simple view. However, while simple opinions are explaining smoothly some phenomena of personality, it can be easily questioned by other problems such as the reduplication arguments and multiple occupancy thesis. Beginning with the idea of personal identity, we can meet with many un-explainable difficult such as problems of fission-brain and half-brain. The phenomenon of spirit-away people, the dual personality and many-personality and the duplicated problem in scientific hypotheses and so on. It points out the different between the ‘identity’ and the ‘unique’ of people. The ‘body’ and the ‘circumstance’ III that material and spirit are unified. In a wide-ranging sense, the same body can possess different personality in different time. The same personality can also stick to different body in different time. There is only successive personal identity, but not the personal identity at the same time and in different space. The man’s identity and speciality comes from his naturality, and the difficult of it comes from the interference of the technology. If we want to resolve the difficult completely, we must prevent the technology’s infiltration. Keywords: the personal identity’s demonstration; the personal identity’s criterion; the resolve of the difficult about personal identity. I 湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所 取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任 何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品对本文的研究做出重要贡 献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明本人完全意识到本声明的 法律后果由本人承担 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意 学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文 被查阅和借阅本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编 入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇 编本学位论文 涉密论文按学校规定处理 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 1 引 言 据美国心理学家奥尔波特 1937 年统计, “人格”在心理学方面的定义已达 50 多种,人格的现代定义也有 15 种之多人格一词最早以拉丁词“persona”的形式 出现,原意是戏剧中的“面具”或“角色(演员) ” ,现在比较通俗常用的定义是: “人格”是构成一个人的思想、情感及行为的特有的统合模式,它具有独特性、稳 定性、统合性、功能性。

同时它又是一个复杂的结构系统,包括许多成分,其中主 要有气质、性格、认知风格、自我调控等方面 1在哲学中, “人格”有许多不同的 用法,是最难确定其意义的词之一,不过,除了中世纪神学家在神的三位一体 2的意 义上使用这个词以外,大部分哲学家都在与“物”相区别的意义。

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