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1、第三章 汉译英的句法处理,第一节 主语的确定,句子一般由主语和谓语组成，主语是谓语陈述的对象，是一个句子中值得突出的信息。由于主语通常处在句首的位置，它在句中占有非常重要的地位。汉译英时，由于汉英两种语言的差异，并非所有的原文句子中的主语都能被转换成译文句子中的主语。这样，汉语句子英译时，确定句子中的哪一部分为主语就是要解决的首要问题。,英语句子一般要有主语，以动词为核心，主语和谓语之间有许多相互制约的语法关系，汉语则不是这样。在汉语里，往往把主语和谓语当作话题和说明（即主题和述题）来看待。著名汉语言学家赵元任归纳总结了汉语六种主语： 1名词性主语 2动词性主语，如“走行，不走也行。” 3表示
2、时间处所和条件的词语。 4介词引出动作者做主语，如“由主席召集会议。” 5别的介词短语。 6主谓主语。 这六种主语只有第一种与英语主语相同或相似。英语中常常只有名词或主格人称代词才能做主语。汉语里则几乎什么词都能直接做主语。,1. 主语必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗,（1）热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contracts.,（2）希望今后上海能够与更多的外国
3、城市结为友好城市。 It is hoped/anticipated that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future. （3）我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。 I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.,2. 主语必须符合英美等西方人的思维方式,（4）她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest m
4、an. 当然上句亦可译为：She has never thought that he is a dishonest man。但两相比较，前一种译文强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实，字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异，后一种译文更强调主观印象。,（5）众所周知，中国在1980年成功地发射了第一颗洲际导弹。 As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of Chinas first intercontinental guided missile. 。 按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯，英语还可以用地点等名词来做主语。通常以时间、地点等
5、名词做主语的句子，常用see, witness, find等动词做谓语。因此，在英译这类汉语句子时，常可采用这种句式。再如： (a)这个运动首先在北京兴起。 Beijing first saw the rise of the movement. (b) 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.,(6)下倾盆大雨了。 It is raining cats and dogs. 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”,(7)自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这
6、样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of this kind since 1983. “There动词主语”的结构是英语的一个特殊句式，它往往可以用于翻译汉语中的“有”字句和无主句。,3. 主语必须是句中应该突出的部分,(8)到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘小船舶的建造合同和协议。 By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the
7、 construction of more than 100 medium-and-small-sized vessels. (9) 我给你打国际长途就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。 An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.,4. 主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系,(10)我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. Our cause has won victories one aft
8、er another. A series of victories have been won for our cause. (11)我们武汉还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。 We have also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.,5. 主语必须符合上下文行文的需要,篇章
9、是一些意义相关的句子通过一定的承接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。 汉语篇章中的主语主要是通过原词复现、照应和省略的方式起着衔接篇章的作用。而英语的主语则往往避免重复原词而更多地使用照应和替代地方式来衔接上下文。,（A）原文以原词复现的手段承接上下文时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文。,(12)中国妇女今天的社会地位和平等权利来之不易。妇女所遭受的深重压迫和苦难，不但远远超过了男子，就是世界其他国家也不多见。1949年，新中国成立，占全世界妇女四分之一的中国妇女终于获得了历史性的解放。在婚姻家庭领域，妇女已获得了婚姻自主权、独立的姓名权，与男子一样获得了家庭财产的所有权和继承权等等权利
10、。,（12）中国妇女今天的社会地位和平等权利来之不易。妇女所遭受的深重压迫和苦难，不但远远超过了男子，就是世界其他国家也不多见。1949年，新中国成立，占全世界妇女四分之一的中国妇女终于获得了历史性的解放。在婚姻家庭领域，妇女已获得了婚姻自主权、独立的姓名权，与男子一样获得了家庭财产的所有权和继承权等等权利。 Women did not gain their rights easily:the worst oppression of all was that on Chinese women, who were made to suffer far more than menwho faced
11、 treatment, in fact, even harsher than in other parts of the world. and when the Peoples Republic of China came into being in 1949, they finally won their freedom. The immediate benefits of this could be seen in marriage and the home, as women gained the right to marry whom they wished and the right
12、 to keep their own names after their wedding. They also got to exercise various rights, up to that point enjoyed only by men, such as those dealing with property and family inheritance.,（B）原文以照应的手段承接上下文时，译文亦应采用照应的手段承接上下文。,(13) 年前，在上海展览馆，看了一场奇特的服装表演，“模特儿”们都已人到中年甚至老年，从42岁直至74岁。他们穿了自己设计裁剪的衣服，随着音乐走在长长的红
13、色地毯上，操着没有训练的朴素的步子，面带羞怯而勇敢的微笑。他们逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。他们的脚步渐渐合拍，注意到了观众。 Previous to the Chinese New Year, at the Shanghai Exhibition Hall I saw a unique fashion show. The “models” were all of middle age and even old age, ranging from 42 years to 74. They wore clothes of their own designing and making, walking
14、 on a red carpet, with the accompaniment of music, stepping naturally without training, beaming shyly and yet courageously. They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence, and began to step in harmony with one another, and became conscious of the audience.,（C）原文以省略的手段粘连篇章结构时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文
15、。,(15) 八达岭这一段是1957年修复的，是长城的典型建筑，平均高7.8米，底部宽6.6米，顶部宽5.8米。 The section at Badaling was restored in 1957, and it is typical in its structure. It is 7.8 meters high on average, 6.6 meters wide at the bottom, and 5.8 meters wide at the top.,翻译下列句子,1真是太荒唐了。 2热得我满头大汗。 3你竟然喜欢他，真是有趣。 4完成这项工作我们花了五年的时间。 5大家指望那
16、位老教授会来参加我们的晚会。 6就只剩下28美元了。 7我一见到那孤儿，总会想起他的父母。 8四月一日，会议召开了。,选择恰当的主语完成下面的翻译，每空一词：,1星期天早晨他的身体状况仍未好转。 found him still unwell. 2.我们期望在不久的将来中国人能受到更好的教育。 that the Chinese people will get a better education in the near future. 3巨大的高炉、平炉群,每天都炼出数以万吨计的钢和铁。 Every day, and are turned out here from the huge furnaces. 4以前人们认为原子是最小的元素，现在才知道原子还可以分为原子核与电子、中子与质子。 used to be the smallest elements. Now, that atoms can be further divided into nuc
