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1、外语学科科研与论文撰写： 认识与误识,上海外国语大学 虞建华,一、论文撰写的认识层面（1）,问题：施教与研究文学、语言学、翻译理论有什 么用？ “学以致用”与“学以致知” “职业培训”与“高等教育” “一碗水”与“一桶水” “教书匠”与“学者” “应用英语专业”和“英文专业”,一、论文撰写的认识层面（2）,“Publish or perish.” “数学是文科还是理科？” 教师的思辨能力与学生的综合素质 视野和“思维体操” “无形推手”：不会更变的评价尺度,二、论文撰写需要注意的几个方面：,论文标题 论文提要 关键词 行文的语言 修改与润饰,论文标题：,正确：写实、概括、总结，直切主题，触及要
2、点，避免误解 错误：抽象、象征、多义，进行诗化或泛化 错误：“亢龙有悔的老年” 正确：“海明威短篇小说中的老年形象分析”,内容提要与关键词（1）：,杰克伦敦北疆小说中的生态意识 内容提要： 在他的有生之年，杰克伦敦曾经是美国最引人注目的作家，被称为文坛“灰姑娘”，是美国自然主义文学的代表。虽然后来批评界对他的兴趣渐渐冷却，但他仍然是个值得关注的作家。他的很多早期作品以阿拉斯加荒原为背景，其中表达了一种超前的生态意识，强调人与自然的和谐共存，强调自然的修复功能。这些思想对于今天我们认识人类社会仍然具有启迪意义，他的作品因此具有持久的价值 关键词： 人与自然；和谐共存；荒原道德观； 生态意识；生态
3、批评,内容提要与关键词（2）：,内容提要： 杰克伦敦在其以阿拉斯加为背景的早期小说中，表达了一种超前的生态意识，在多方面探讨人与自然的关系，凸显人与自然和谐共存的基本理念。作家渲染大自然的力量，告诫人们不能凌驾于自然之上，而对自然要有一种敬畏；他强调人的适应力，而不是改造力；他宣扬一种“荒原”道德观，批判正在快速工业化的美国文明的种种弊端；他认为回归自然是一种精神理疗，可以治愈在城市文明中枯萎的人的精神。这些认识与今天的生态观不谋而合，具有恒久的价值。 关键词： 杰克伦敦； 北疆小说； 生态意识；生态批评,内容提要与关键词（3）：,内容提要： 【内容】杰克伦敦在其以阿拉斯加为背景的早期小说中，
4、表达了一种超前的生态意识，在多方面探讨人与自然的关系，凸显人与自然和谐共存的基本理念。【步骤1】作家渲染大自然的力量，告诫人们不能凌驾于自然之上，而对自然要有一种敬畏； 【步骤2】他强调人的适应力，而不是改造力； 【步骤3】他宣扬一种“荒原”道德观，批判正在快速工业化的美国文明的种种弊端； 【步骤4】他认为回归自然是一种精神理疗，可以治愈在城市文明中枯萎的人的精神。【意义】这些认识与今天的生态观不谋而合，具有恒久的价值。,内容提要与关键词（4）：,关键词是检索的技术需要，要有可操作性。 关键词：人与自然；和谐共存；荒原道德观； 生态意识；生态批评 关键词：杰克伦敦； 北疆小说； 生态意识；生态
5、批评,Abstract and Key Words:,Abstract: a clear summary of the central idea of the paper, but not a readers guide to the paper. Key Words: components of a technical device for searching your article, not the words of central thematic importance.,内容提要与关键词（5）：,选择关键词： 1、不用动词，如：发展，评价等； 2、不用一般名词，如：趋势，影响力等；
6、3、要用实词； 4、要粗细搭配，先宽后专,内容提要与关键词（6）：,一篇关于汉语中“了”字语义和语法功能的论文 关键词： 汉语；文字学；虚词；了,Abstract and Key Words:,the thesis statement, with everything put in a nutshell; the first impression you give the reader; the demand for clarity of logic of the writers mind and succinct expression in language.,行文：学术论文的语言、组织与润
7、饰,Richard D. Altick, The Art of Literary Research (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1975),About the language, some remarks: (1),What is easy to read has been difficult to write. The labor of writing and rewriting, correcting and re-correcting, is the due exacted by every good book from its author, e
8、ven if he knows from the beginning exactly what he wants to say. A limpid style is invariably the result of hard labor, and the easily flowing connection of sentence with sentence and paragraph with paragraph has always been won by the sweat of the brow. (Richard D. Altick, The Art of Literary Resea
9、rch, p.181),About the language, some remarks: (2),Actually, though there unquestionably is such a thing as “academese” or “dissertation style,” it has no reason to exist, and every scholarly writer should avoid it assiduously. (183) There is no difference between a good scholarly style and a good En
10、glish style addressed to the intelligent layman. (p183),About the language, some remarks: (3),The hallmark of good scholarly prose is lucidity. It is not easy to achieve. It never has been the old adage about hard writing being the prerequisite to easy reading is a sound one but it has become even l
11、ess so in an age when too much of the critical writing on which the young scholar is nurtured is opaque, tortuous, and jargon-laden. (p.183),About the language, some remarks: (4),The inviolable rule of good scholarly writing is: Say what you have to say, and when youve said it, quit. Longwindedness,
12、 repetitions, digressions are as out of place in a research article or book as they are anywhere else. The scholarly writershould think of himself instead as a welterweight striving to lose enough poundage to box a featherweight. (p.185),About the language, some remarks: (5),The four great requisite
13、s of good scholarly writing never change: 1. Accuracy of facts. 2. Soundness of reasoning. 3. Clear explanation of the topics significance. 4. Unaffected, terse, lucid prose.,About the language, some remarks: (6),“The most direct method and style is the most suggestive one.” “True wit is best set in
14、 plain style.” - Herbert Spencer, The Style of Writing,The writing and the revision (1):,Only when they are compelled to lay out their argument in sentences and paragraphs, scrupulously designed to lead the prospective reader from point to point, do they finally see it as a logical whole, and only t
15、hen do remaining deficiencies of evidence and reasoning become apparent. (189),The writing and the revision (2):,But even the most conscientious preliminary outlining and sentence-by-sentence writing seldom results in a first draft that can also stand as the final one. Some writers, in fact confess
16、that their hardest and most profitable thinking is done in the very act of composition. (189),The writing and the revision (3):,Re-thinking calls for rearrangement, and re-arrangement means re-writing; perhaps a paragraph here, a whole page there or the whole article or chapter. But one can find a positive gain in necessity. For if the process of writing is in part destructive, exposing as it does the flaws of ones thinking, it can also be creative, because by forcing reconsid
