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1、考点1 阅读理解一、 科普知识类 (2016江苏卷B)话题:黑猩猩与人类词数:387难度:Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp
2、 mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory,chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no greater effort,a plate that also pro
3、vides food for a neighbor in the next cage,he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children,on the other hand,are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages,they desire to help others,to share information and to participate in a
4、chieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.There are several
5、reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improve
6、d if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills,at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello,the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerab
7、ly better at understanding the social world.The core of what childrens minds have and chimpsdont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.The
8、y actively seek to be part of a“we”,a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.【文章大意】通过实验,对比黑猩猩与人类的主观能动性。58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?A.Chimps seldom care about othersinterests.B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C.Chimps like to take in their neighborsfoo
9、d.D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.【解析】选A。推理判断题。由第二段.he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.可知黑猩猩很少去关心其他猩猩的利益。59.Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they.A.have the instinct to help othersB.know how to offer help to adultsC
10、.know the world better than chimpsD.trust adults with their hands full【解析】选A。细节理解题。由第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.可知小孩有帮助别人的本能。60.The passage is mainly about.A.the helping behaviors o
11、f young childrenB.ways to train childrens shared intentionalityC.cooperation as a distinctive human natureD.the development of intelligence in children【解析】选C。主旨大意题。文章通过人类与猩猩的比较得知,合作、相互帮助是人类的本性。 (2016浙江卷C)话题:儿童玩耍与科学家的研究词数:444难度:A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing wit
12、h his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well,just playing.right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this“play”is more like a scientific invest
13、igation than one might think.Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the groundand,in the process,it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air,but requ
14、ire support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead,babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects
15、 interact.Though their ranges and tools differ,the babys investigation and the scientists experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world),overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world),and logic(are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest th
16、at young children learn about more than just the physical world in this waythat they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has,
