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1、BESTBIT,安全清洁能源来源于安全高效的钻井,PDC Design Compromise PDC设计折中方案,The design of a PDC drill bit is largely a matter of compromise, as various factors, which may be in conflict, are considered against a tight frame-work of fundamental constraints. Features that prove extremely beneficial under one set of circ
2、umstances may be less than optimal under another. PDC钻头的设计主要涉及折中问题，因为在考虑避免基本约束条件的紧密结构时涉及的各种因素可能会相互冲突。在一系列情况下证明极其有利的特征在其它情况下则可能并非是最理想的。 Consider that a PDC bit is a mechanical device designed to transmit energy for the purpose of drilling rock. Despite its small size, it must be designed to transfer
3、more energy than is generated in a high performance race car engine. 请注意PDC钻头是一种机械装置，专用于传递能量，完成岩石钻孔。虽然钻头的尺寸很小，但它传递的能量却比高性能赛车引擎产生的能量高。,Rotary Consideration 旋转因素,Rotary Bit旋转钻头 The profile for the rotary designs is relatively flat and the nose is at a relatively large radius, allowing secondary blades
4、 to originate further from the bit central region. This geometric arrangement keeps the face of the bit more open for improved hydraulics. 旋转外形设计为是扁平状，但前端的半径较大，能使二级刀片从钻头的中心部位伸出来。这种几何设计使钻头的表面更加开阔，以提高液压。,Turbine Consideration 涡轮机因素,Turbine Bit涡轮机钻头 Some bit designs have been optimized for use with a h
5、igh speed turbine. Normally they have a parabolic profile, with a long taper. The nose of the bit is very close to the bits central axes because the RPM will be higher on a turbine than on normal rotary, the cutters will have higher velocity resulting in accelerated heat generation as well as a shal
6、lower depth of cut to achieve the same ROP. 有些钻头设计已经完善，以便同高速涡轮机一起使用。它们的外形通常呈抛物线形状，还带一个长锥拔。钻头前端与钻头的中心轴非常接近，因为涡轮机钻头比普通旋转钻头的转速（RPM）更高，刀具的速度更快，不断加速发热过程，从而切削深度更浅，这样才能获得相同的机械钻速（ROP）。 To compensate, a turbine PDC bit is built with an extended profile to permit more cutters to be set in the bit with large r
7、edundancy included. Therefore, each cutter does less work individually, as it is backed up by other cutters, resulting in increased cutter life. If one or two cutters should fail, the bit will still be able to continue drilling. 为弥补这一缺点，涡轮机PDC钻头表面延长，以便在钻头上安装更多的刀具，这样钻头上就留有很大的冗余部分。因此，刀具之间就能互相协助，从而减少每个
8、刀具单独的工作量，延长刀具的寿命。若一个或两个刀具发生故障，钻头仍能继续工作。,Steerable Systems Theory 导向系统理论,Motors Theory电动机理论 Motors were designed to meet the rugged requirements of directional drillers and clients. The Surface-Adjustable Bent (SAB) housing gives the driller a variety of motor bend angles that are essential to steeri
9、ng and controlling well deviation. How this bend influences the well profile depends upon the drilling mode. 电动机应满足定位钻井工和客户对于矿井表面不平的要求。表面可调弯（SAB）壳体允许钻井工从各种角度弯曲电动机，这对操纵和控制井斜非常重要。而这种弯曲对矿井结构的影响取决于钻井方式。,Motors Theory cont. 电动机理论（续）,Frictional Forces摩擦力 The drawback of the PDMs is that in order to steer,
10、 the drill string cannot be rotated, and this decreases the amount of Weight on Bit (WOB) that can be transmitted to the bit, in turn decreasing ROP. For this reason, PDMs have limited usage in Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) applications, especially as the inclination of wells increases. 容积式电动机（PDM）的
11、缺点在于，为了实现操控钻头之目的，不能旋转钻柱，这将减少能传递到钻头的钻压（WOB）数量，从而降低机械钻速。因此，在大位移延伸井钻井（ERD）应用中，尤其是在矿井倾斜增多的情况下，PDM的使用有限。 The bit steer-ability in sliding mode is one of the major concerns to directional companies as well as to the client. 滑动模态中钻头的导向能力是定向公司和客户的主要忧虑之一。,Rotary Steerable Methods 旋转导向方法,Point the bit指向式 This
12、 method dictates the direction of build by pointing the bit off the axis of the rest of the tool. This way, the trajectory is set by three touch points; the upper stabilizer, the near-bit stabilizer, and the bit. 本方法通过指示钻头远离其它工具的轴线来规定建立方向，这样就能通过三个触点（即上部稳定器、近钻头稳定器和钻头）来设定轨道。,Point-the-Bit System 指向式系统
13、,Benefits of the Point-the-Bit System指向式系统的优点 Point-the-Bit systems put the operating mechanisms inside the collar in oil chambers isolated from the mud and from contact with the wellbore. Additionally, there are no rotating or moving oring seals in its steering unit. Point the bit systems have also
14、 less work to do once the BHA has entered its natural trajectory. The majority of the work is done when the direction is changed. 指向式系统将操作机构置于储油器中的套圈内，远离泥浆和钻井孔。此外，导向装置中无旋转式或可移动O型环密封件。一旦井底钻具组合（BHA）进入其自然轨道，指向式系统的工作量则减小。而大多数工作已在方向改变时完成。,Rotary Steerable Methods 旋转导向方法,Push the bit.推靠式 Push the bit syst
15、ems; use either a non-rotating sleeve or pistons on the OD of the tool to push the bit in the desired direction. 推靠式系统：在工具的外直径（OD）上使用非旋转套筒或活塞，将钻头向目标方向推进。 It is a rotary steerable system that controls the direction in which a well is drilled, in 3D, while rotating the drill string. The tool uses mud
16、actuated pads to deviate the direction of drilling by pushing against the formation. 旋转导向系统，可在旋转钻柱时从三个方向控制钻井。该工具使用泥浆驱动式衬垫通过推动地层而改变钻井方向。,Push-the-Bit System 推靠式系统,Benefits of the Push-the-Bit System推靠式系统的优点 The push-the-bit system, works to push the bit at all times, and even harder when asked to build, because it has to lift the weight of the tool. No dissipated time for sliding and tool-face adjustments, it uses a desired Inclination and Azimuth to follow the plan trajectory more accurately.
