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1、Linguistics 英11本一 1103210121 李春瑶,chapter 1,Invitations to Linguistics,Some myths about language: 1.Language is only a means of communication. 2.Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 3.The function of language is to exchange information. 4.English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. 5.Blac
2、k English is not standard and should be reformed.,1.1 why study language ?,3,1.Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. 2.Language operates by rules. 3.All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of seman
3、tics. 4.Everyone speaks a dialect.,4,5.Language slowly changes. 6.Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons. 7.Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them. 8.Writing is derivative of speech.,5,Websters New World Dictionary . 1.human sp
4、eech. 2.The ability to communicate by this means. 3.The system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed , used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings. 4.The written representation of such a system. *Language is a means of verbal communicati
5、on.,1.2 what is language ?,6,Arbitrariness（任意性） Duality（二重性） Creativity（创造性） Displacement （位移性）,1.3 design features of language,7,Saussure(索绪尔）： the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning （语言符号形式和意义无自然的联系） 1.Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and
6、its meaning 2. Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. 3.Arbitrariness and convention .,1.3.1 Arbitrariness 任意性,8,The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and
7、each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 指有两个结构层次这个特征，上层结构的单位是由底层结构的元素组成的，每层结构又有各自的构成原则。,1.3.2 Duality 二重性,9,Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness .(递归性) Reasons：1.We can use it to create new meanings. 2.Words can be used in new ways to mean new t
8、hings, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. 3.its potential to create endless sentences .,1.3.3 Creativity 创造性,10,Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of
9、 communication. 指语言使用者可以用语言来表达不在交际现场（时间和空间上）的物体，事件及概念。,1.3.4 Displacement 位移性,11,The “bow-wow” theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. Onomatopoeic words seem to be a convenient evidence for this theo
10、ry This theory lacks supportive evidence. The “pooh-pooh” theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy,1.4 origin of language,12,As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants a
11、nd then into language. One thing we can say for certain is that language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts,The “yo-he-ho“theory,13,1.5 functions of language,14,Informative(信息功能) For most people the informative function is predominantly the major role of language. Inter
12、personal Function (人际功能) By far the most important sociological use of language, and by which people establish and maintain their status in a society performative (施为功能) The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons. metalingual function (元语言功能) Our langua
13、ge can be used to talk about itself.,15,Emotive Function (情感功能) The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. phatic communion (寒暄功能) Phatic communion refers to
14、the social interaction of language recreational function (娱乐功能) The recreational function is restrictive in purpose and supposedly limited in usefulness.,16,The scientific study of human language main branches of linguistics Phonetics(语音学) Phonology(音系学) Morphology(形态学) Syntax(句法学) Semantics(语义学) Pr
15、agmatics(语用学),1.6 what is linguistics ?,17,Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.,1.7.1Phonetics(语音学),18,Phonology stu
16、dies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.,1.7.2Phonology(音系学),19,Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes.,1.7.3Morphology(形态学),20,Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences. 1.7.5Semant
