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1、初中英语语法,句子成分,在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。 The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. 按句子成分划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. (主语) (定语) (谓语)(状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 按意群划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are
2、seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun,概述,主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： 1.Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） 2.He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） 3.Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） 4.To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语） 5.What we sh
3、ould do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）,主语,另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It that .句式等。 6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway. (It 是形式主语, to travel.部分是真正的主语),主语,请指出下列句中主语的中心词。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky
4、. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 4. It is very difficult to do todays homework without your help.,小练习,谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 1. His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） 2. We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） 3. We have finished reading the
5、 book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 4. He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）,谓语,请选出下列句中谓语的中心词。 1. I dont like the picture on the wall. 2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. 3. Do you usually go to school by bus? 4. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? 5. What I want to tell you is thi
6、s.,小练习,从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语 (介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。 宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。 1. We often help him. （代词作宾语） 2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语） 3. We enjoy listening to the music. （动名词短语作宾语） 4. She said that she felt sick. （从句做宾语） The sun gives us light and warmth. （us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语）,
7、宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。 1.直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物；2.间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。 3.间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 1）Our teacher tells us a story. 2）The sun gives us light. 如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。,宾语分类,接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show,
8、tell, write等。 Give your mother the letter. Give the letter to your mother. 直接宾语 间接宾语 接for的动 词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。 Can you find me my bag? Can you find my bag for me? 直接宾语 间接宾语 这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。,宾语分类,请挑出下列句中的宾语。 1. My brother hasnt done his homework. 2. People all over the world
9、 speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? 4. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. 5. You will find it useful after you leave school.,小练习,请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach
10、 us chemistry next term. 4. Could you please pass the pen to Tom? 5. Did he leave any message for me?,小，在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 1.I will make you king. (名词) 2.They make her happy.（形容词） 3.I see her dance.（省to的不定式） 4.The manager asked him to wa
11、it. (不定式) 5.Please let him in.（副词） 6.We heard her singing a song.（分词短语),宾语补足语,请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。 1. He asked her to take the boy to the doctors. 2. She found it difficult to finish the work today. 3. We call her Lily sometimes. 4. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 5. Did you hear anyone crying outside the doo
12、r just now?,小练习,表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及名词或形容词短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 1.I am a teacher.（名词） 2.He is always happy.（形容词） 3.They are on the playground now.（介词短语） 4.It gets cold.（形容词）,表语,Be动词（am，is，are, was, were） 表保持（keep, stay, remain） 表改变（get， become， turn） 感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），
13、taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来） 1.It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语） 2.We should all remain careful. （Remain为系动词， careful为表语）,系动词,请划出下列句中的表语。 1. The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. Why is Mrs. Smith worried about her son
14、? 5. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club,小练习,定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 1.The black bike is mine.（形容词） 2.Whats your name?（代词） 3.They make paper flowers.（名词）,定语,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。 1.I t
15、ell him something interesting. (形容interesting作不定代词something的后置定语） 2.He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语） 说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）,表语,请划出下列句中的定语。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom. 3. The man downstai
16、rs was trying to sleep. 4. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 5. There are five boys who will play the game.,小练习,修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 1.He did it carefully.（副词） 2. We often help him.（副词） 3.Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语） 4.When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语） 5. He sits there.（副词地点状语）,状语,请划出下列句中的状语。 1. There was a big smile on her face. 2
