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1、Chapter 1,Brief Introduction to Translation 绪论,Translation is a science. Translation is an art. Translation is a craft. Translation is a skill. Translation is an operation. Translation is a language activity. Translation is communicating. Translation is a cross-language, cross-social, cross-cultural
2、 activity.,Nature of Translation,1，按译出语和译入语（source language and target language）：本族语译为外语&外语译为本族语 2，按涉及到的语言符号：语内翻译（intralingual translation）&语际翻译(interlingual translation)&符际翻译(intersemiotic translation) 3, 按翻译手段：口译（oral translation）&笔译(written translation)&机器翻译(machine translation) 4, 按翻译题材：专业性翻译（sp
3、ecialized-subject translation）&文学翻译(literary translation)&一般性翻译(practical translation) 5, 按翻译方式：全译（full translation ）&摘译(selective translation)&编译( edited translation),How to translate?,你二吧？ 你才二呢！ 宅男宅女,indoorsy; indoorsman indoorswoman homebody, shut-in; otaku,Criteria or Principle for Translation,语
4、际的意义转换不能是任意的，它必须遵循一定的规范，才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻译的标准，就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。 -刘宓庆：1990现代翻译理论,There are Different Criteria from Different Angle.,1. From the angle of source language and target language: source language-oriented: literal translation直译( word for word, line for line) The apple of my eye: 我眼里的苹果 The
5、Milky Way: 牛奶路 target language-oriented: free translation意译(completely assimilation) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war.张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞。 Solomon诸葛亮,直译：人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真； 意译：人们认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译,直意之争： “既须求真又须喻俗”,意即译文要“忠实通顺“. -玄奘 “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解
6、，一则保持原作的丰姿。” -鲁迅且介亭杂文二集 “题未定草” ,直译不等于死译(dead translation):,街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。 Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹。 She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father.,试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福,直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men
7、 overnight. 意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable,2. From the angle of author and reader: faithfulness, smoothness; 忠实，通顺 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 严复的三字标准：信达雅,Alexander Fraser Tytler: 3 Principles,1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the ori
8、ginal work.译文应该完全传达原文的思想。 2. The style and manner of writhing should be of the same character as that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应像原文一样流畅。,3. From the angle of aesthetics: Be alike not only in appearance but also in spirit
9、 Advocated by literature translators: Xu Yuanchong: beauty in meaning, beauty in sound and beauty in form(意美、音美、形美), “words in best order”, “best words in best order”, ,神似论(similarity in spirit)：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 -傅雷高老头译序 化境论(sublimation / reincarnation )：把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬
10、牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于化境。 -钱钟书 林纾的翻译,History of Argument “案本求真神似化境”,严复 “信、达、雅” （求信） 林语堂 “忠、顺、美” 梁实秋、赵景琛 “宁错务顺” 鲁迅 “宁信不顺” 瞿秋白 “信顺统一” 傅雷 “形似神似” 钱钟书 “入化境界”,4.From the angle of social semiotics: 3 Meanings and 6 functions 1)Designative meaning指称意义 2)Linguistic meaning言内意义 3)Pragmatic meaning语用意义,1)Inf
11、ormative function信息功能 2)Expressive function表情功能 3)Vocative function祈使功能 4)Aesthetic function美学功能 5)Phatic function酬应功能 6)Metalingual function元语言功能 Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function. 意义相符，功能相似。 陈宏薇,翻译标准多元互补论,1, 翻译标准是多元（语音，语法，语义）的而非一元的。 2，翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。 在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳
12、近似度。这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。 3， 具体标准中又有主标准和次标准的区别。 4，多元翻译标准是互补的。 辜正坤中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论,Process of Translation,1. Comprehension 2. Expression 3. Checking 理解表达校对 理解：主要进行语法语义语体语篇的分析，侧重于作者方面，这是翻译过程里最重要的步骤! 表达：侧重于读者方面，主要集中于用何种表达方式可以让读者更好的理解作者的原意! 校对：对理解和表达上存在的问题进行最后处理,这件事你不用操心。,1. This you dont need to
13、worry. 2: You dont need to worry about this. 3. This is not something you need to worry about. 4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. 5. There is no need to worry about this.,我的头疼的要命.,My head aches badly. My head is killing me. I have a terrible headache. I have a splitting headache. I ha
14、ve a migraine.,中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家,Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world. In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries. China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms
15、 of per capita agricultural land.,懒惰的人不会成功.,A lazy person will never succeed. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Laziness makes success impossible.,这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲.,The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter. The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes
16、 her mother very proud.,Approaches to Translation,Literal Translation,He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。,Free Translation,No admittance!(One-member sentence) 闲人免进。（SV) It rains cats and dogs.(SVO) 大雨滂沱。（SV) Where there is a will, there is a way.(Complex) 有志者事竟成。(Simple),The oppressed people in the world rather go through
