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1、 I 基于 3S 技术的湿地生态系统健康评价研究 以祁连山黑河源区为例 摘 要 湿地生态健康评价是是对湿地生态系统所处状态的一种综合性评价。通过湿 地生态系统健康评价，能够了解湿地生态系统结构和功能状况、湿地生态系统面 临的压力以及湿地生态系统所产生的反应，从而为制定湿地生态系统保护和恢复 对策提供科学依据。祁连山被誉为河西走廊的“天然水库” ，该区黑河源区的特殊 地理位置，奠定了它成为黑河水源涵养地和生态功能保护区的特殊地位。同时， 它又作为青藏高原地区典型的湿地生态景观区域，是青藏高原地区湿地景观的缩 影，因此分析和研究祁连山黑河源区湿地现状及其动态变化规律、对湿地生态系 统进行健康评价，
2、这对研究整个黑河流域都具有重大意义。 本文以 3S 技术为手段，利用 1999 年、2006 年和 2009 年 TM 遥感数据，建立 解译标志，配以野外调查，提取各个时期的土地利用土地覆盖及景观信息，从斑 块类型水平指数和景观类型水平指数两个方面对青海祁连山黑河源区湿地景观的 时空格局进行分析。在此基础之上，根据生态系统健康评价的评价原则，选取 PSR 模型，结合数理统计和数学模型方法，获得湿地生态系统健康评价所需的各种指 标因子，采用相对综合评价方法，对祁连山黑河源地区 19992009 年的湿地生态 系统健康状况进行了评价，得出如下结果： （1）从 19992009 年研究区内的斑块数（
3、NP）从 591 个增加到 710 个，10 年来祁连山黑河源区湿地景观的破碎化程度在增加； 1999 年和 2009 年的景观形状 指数分别是：3.07%和 3.28%，景观形状指数变大，说明景观斑块的形状不规则， 易受到人类活动、自然条件的影响；从 19992009 年整个景观平均斑块分维数的 值从 1.21%减少到 1.16%，说明本研究区的景观斑块形状趋于规则化；修正多样性 指数从 1999 年的 0.73%增大到 2009 年的 0.9%，反映研究区内整个景观的破碎化 程度在增加。 （2）19992006 年的湿地生态系统健康综合评价指数（CEI）为 0.47；2006 年2009
4、年的湿地生态系统健康综合评价指数（CEI）为 0.6。1999 年2006 年祁 连山黑河源区湿地生态系统的健康分级为级（0.40.6） ，生态结构比较合理， II 系统尚稳定，外界压力较大，接近生态阈值，但敏感地带较多，己有少量的生态 异常出现，可发挥基本的生态功能，生态系统可维持应迅速，可持续；20062009 年祁连山黑河源区湿地生态系统的健康分级为级（0.60.8） ，生态系统结构合 理、格局尚完整，系统活力较强，外界较小，无生态异常，生态系统生态功能较 完善，系统尚稳定。由此可以看出 2003 年祁连山建立自然保护区，人类加以合理 管理以后，湿地生态系统健康状况有转好的趋势，因此应加
5、以不断保护和合理利 用，使得祁连山黑河源区湿地这一重要的“地球之肾” ，在维持母亲河黄河的生态 安全，促进民族地区经济发展，维护藏区社会稳定方面发挥重要的作用。 最后根据 1999 年2006 年，2006 年2009 年的湿地生态系统评价结果，对 祁连山黑河源区湿地保护提出建议。 关键词：祁连山黑河源区，生态系统，湿地生态系统健康评价，PSR 模型 III Assessment on Wetland Ecosystem Based on 3S Image-Taking the Heihe Rive Source Qilian Mountains as an Example Abstract
6、Wetland ecological health evaluation of wetland ecosystem is in one kind of comprehensive evaluation of state. Through the wetland ecosystem health assessment, can understand wetland ecological system structure and function condition, wetland ecological system pressure and wetland ecological system
7、produces reaction, so as to formulate wetland ecosystem protection and recovery measures provide the scientific basis. Qilian mountains was known as the “natural reservoir hexi corridor of the source area in heihe,“ special geographic position, and laid it in heihe water conservation and become the
8、special position of the ecosystem function area. At the same time, it as the qinghai-tibet plateau region typical wetland ecological landscape area, is Tibet plateau wetland landscape, so the epitome of heihe analysis and research of wetland status and qilian mountain headwater area of dynamical reg
9、ularity, wetland ecosystem health evaluation, this to research the whole the heihe river basin has the great significance. In this paper, using the 3S in 1999, 2006 and 2009 TM remote sensing data, establish interpreting marks, match with field investigation, extracting all periods of land use land
10、cover and landscape information, from plaques type level index and landscape type level index in two aspects of the qilian mountain headwater area of qinghai heihe wetland landscape space-time structure analysis. On this basis, according to the ecosystem health of evaluation principle, the selection
11、 of the PSR model and combining with statistics and mathematical models were used to obtain the wetland ecosystem health assessment needs many kinds of index factor, the relative comprehensive evaluation method, heihe source area of qilian mountains 1999-2009 wetland ecosystem health evaluation, the
12、 conclusion that the following results： （1） From 1999 to research in 2009 the number （NP） patch from 591 a increased to 710 a, 10 years the qilian mountain heihe source area wetland landscape fragmentation degree in increase; 1999 and 2009 is respectively： landscape shape index 13,804 3.28%, landsca
13、pe shape index and become larger, explain landscape plaques of irregular shape, are susceptible to human activities, natural condition the influence; From 1999 until 2009 the whole landscape average patch fractal dimension value 1.21% reduced to species from this IV area studied landscape, said the
14、shape of patch tend to rules; Fixed diversity index increased from 0.73% of 1999 2009 0.9%, reflect the research in the whole landscape fragmentation degree is on the increase. （2） From 1999 to 2006 （CEI） 0.6; From 2006 to 2009 （CEI） for surprisingly. From 1999 to 2006 heihe source qilian mountain w
15、etland ecosystem health classification for level （0.6 0.8） , reasonable structure, pattern of ecological system is complete, the vigor of the system is stronger, the outside is lesser, no ecological abnormality, ecosystem function is more perfect, the system is still stable, sustainable; 2006-2009 h
16、eihe source qilian mountain wetland ecosystem health classification for level （0.40.6）, the ecological structure is more reasonable, system is still stable, larger, close to ecological outside pressure sensitive aperture value, but more, there has been a small amount of ecological anomalies appear, can give full play to the basic ecological function, ecological system can maintain should quickly. Finally, according to the 1999 to 2006, 2006 to 2009 wetland ecosystem evalu
